DMZ의 평화적 이용을 위한 국제법적 쟁점 및 과제

박병도 ( Byungdo Park ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2015 一鑑法學 Vol.0 No.32

그 동안 역대 정부들뿐만 아니라 국내의 민간단체들이 DMZ와 관련한 여러 가지 계획들을 발표하였지만 그것이 실현된 것은 거의 없다. 그 이유 중의 하나는 정전협정상 우리나라가 DMZ에 대한 관할권을 일방적으로 행사할 수 없기 때문이다. DMZ의 평화적 이용을 위해서는, DMZ가 우리 영토이기 때문에 국내법적에 문제를 검토하여야 하고, 또한 DMZ는 국제조약인 정전협정에 근거하여 설치되었기 때문에 국제법적 문제도 아울러 검토하여야한다. 즉 DMZ의 규범체계를 국내법과 국제법 차원으로 나누어 살펴보아야 하나, 이 논문은 국제법적 측면에서 검토하고자 한다. DMZ의 평화적 이용을 위하여 국제법적 검토가 필요한 이유는 첫째, DMZ란 국제조약이나 협약에 의해 군사시설의 배치 및 무장이 금지된 지역이나 지대를 의미하며, 한반도 DMZ에는 정전협정이라는 조약, 즉 국제법이 적용되며, DMZ는 정전협정에 의해 설치된 군사정전위원회의 관할권 아래에 있기 때문이다. 둘째, 1977년에 채택된 제네바협약 제Ⅰ추가의정서에 DMZ 관련 규정이 있는데, 남북한은 각각 1982년과 1988년에 이 의정서를 비준·가입하여 당사국이 되어, 남북한은 정전협정의 DMZ 관련 규정과 더불어 제Ⅰ추가의정서의 DMZ 관련 규정을 준수하여야 할 의무가 있기 때문이다. 현 단계에서 DMZ의 평화적 이용을 위해서는 DMZ를 탄생시키고 그곳에 대한 접근 및 이용을 금지한 정전협정에서 규정하고 있는 규범을 따라야 한다. DMZ는 일차적으로 정전협정이라는 국제법의 규율을 받기 때문이다. 정전협정은 국제법상의 조약으로서 DMZ를 규율하는 가장 중요한 규범체계이다. DMZ의 평화적 이용의 출발점은 정전협정 준수이다. 또한 DMZ는 정전협정에 의해 설치된 군사정전위원회의 관할권 아래에 있기 때문에 현 단계에서 DMZ 관련 논의는 정전협정체제의 준수라는 틀에서 접근하여야 한다. 그런데 정전협상에 따르면 우리 영토임에도 DMZ에 대한 관할권이 우리에게 없기 때문에 DMZ의 출입과 통과를 포함하여 DMZ의 평화적 이용을 위한 사업에도 군사정전위원회의 허가 및 북한의 동의를 받아야 한다. 따라서 우리의 주권적 의지대로 DMZ의 평화적 이용을 위해서는 DMZ 관할권을 반환받아야 한다. DMZ에 세계생태·평화공원을 조성하기 위해서, 정전협정체제가 해체되고 우리나라가 DMZ에 대해서 완전하게 주권행사를 할 수 있을 때까지 잠정적으로 DMZ의 보전 및 이용을 위한 국제협약을 체결하는 방법을 생각해 볼 수 있다. 지금과 같이 불안정한 정전협정체제로 DMZ가 무장화되어 본래 기능을 하지 못하는 상황에서 다자간 국제협약은 DMZ의 비무장화를 확보할 수 있는 안정적인 방안이 될 수 있다. 또한 DMZ의 보전 및 이용을 위한국제협약을 체결하여 DMZ의 생태적 가치와 평화의 상징적 가치와 브랜드를 국제사회에 널리 확인시켜 나갈 수 있는 기제로 활용할 수 있다. 다만 통일 이후 DMZ의 법적 지위 변경을 고려하여, 통일 이후에는 우리나라의 주권이 완전하고 실질적으로 행사될 수 있는 장치를 담아야 할 것이다. Although previous and current governments and private organizations have been pushing the various plans relating to the DMZ(Demilitarized Zone), most of them have seldom materialized due to the constraint of jurisdiction. We should review this jurisdictional problem based on international law as well as municipal law in order to use the DMZ peacefully. Taking into consideration that DMZ have been governed by Armistice Agreement and its Military Armistice Commission, international law plays an important roles to the Korean Peninsula and international law arena respectively. Also, South and North Korea are under Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions which impose on certain obligations to the DMZ. Therefore, both South and North Korea should comply with a variety of DMZ regulations to form a peaceful use of DMZ. According to the interpretation under Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, relevant rules of Armistice Agreement are still valid and of great importance. However, a variety of DMZ projects in terms of peaceful use should be permitted by Military Armistice Commission and obtain a certain consent of North Korea due to the lack of jurisdiction. Considering this jurisdictional problem, we should establish a long-term policy to restore South Korea to just rights on the DMZ. Not only that, tentatively, conclusion of multilateral agreement can function as an alternative approach to exercise our sovereignty and promote demilitarization of DMZ. It is a timely and appropriate chance for South Korea to build its worldwide brand-value and ultimately settle down the permanent peace in the Korea Peninsula.

Application study of silicon impression material for reducing metal artifacts: preliminary study for head and neck cancer radiotherapy

So Hyun Park,Jinhyun Choi,Byungdo Park,Jeongho Kim,Heesoo Lim,Dae-Hyun Kim 제주대학교 의과학연구소 2023 The Journal of Medicine and Life Science Vol.20 No.2

Metal artifacts cause inaccuracies in target delineation, radiation treatment planning, and delivery when computed tomography images of a radiotherapy patient implanted with a high-density material in the body are acquired. In this study, we investigated the possibility of obtaining improved images in clinical trials through metal artifact reduction using silicon impression materials without the need for a specific metal artifact reduction algorithm. A silicon impression material exhibiting a constant Hounsfield unit (HU) value according to the mixing ratio of the catalysts and bases was selected. The material did not exhibit any change in weight or shape over time. For both the instances of inserting the metal material and applying the silicon impression material, the HU value and dose were compared with homogeneous cases filled with waterequivalent materials. When the silicon impression material was applied to the region where the high-density material was located, the HU value was within 5% and the dose was within 3% compared with those of the homogeneous cases. In this study, the silicon impression materials reduced metal artifacts. However, because the composition, shape, size, and location of high-density materials differ, further studies are required to consider these factors in clinical applications.

교통사고 방지를 위한 전조등 점등 운행이 엔진 연료 소모 특성에 미치는 영향

강병도(Byungdo Kang),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park),용기중(Geejoong Yong),이정기(Junggee Lee),손성만(Sungman Son) 한국자동차공학회 2005 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2005 No.5_2

In order to analyze fuel consumption characteristics of vehicles, an experiment study was carried out under headlight on/off driving conditions. The measurements were tested with various vehicles which were van, truck, wagon, sedan vehicles. These vehicles were tested with the chassis dynamometer in constant speed drive and CVS 75 mode. In this study, fuel consumption and emission gas were studied due to the introduction of the daytime running lamps(DRL). The theorical information about the benefits of using wthe DRL was provided. But the some more study for efficient uses of DRL for vehicles in Korea were needed.

전조등에 의한 눈부심 노출 후 시력회복시간 평가

강병도(Byungdo Kang),이호상(Hosang Lee),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park),조경근(Kyungkeun Cho),홍승준(Seungjun Hong) 한국자동차공학회 2007 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

In this study, eye-recovery time after glare exposure to oncoming headlight was measured increasing illuminance at eye point with various light sources(H4, H7 and HID) and aiming conditions. for measuring eye-recovery time, experimental setup was made up in dark room and used various twelve illumination conditions of light sources and aiming conditions. Different light sources were exposed at subjects for 4 seconds to test people's eye. In case of target of 400% ratio of contrast, it was found that under nominal aiming condition the glare exposures representing halogen and HID bulbs produced similar recovery time. However, with 0.5° of misaim upwards, non-standard HID bulb exposure produced significantly longer recovery time. It showed that total braking distance of car using non-standard bulbs were increased about 27.5m at driving with 80㎞/h.

히트싱크와 냉각팬을 이용한 자동차용 LED 전조등의 방열효과

강병도(Byungdo Kang),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park),용부중(Boojoon Yong) 한국자동차공학회 2010 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.5

In the early 1900s, the first tungsten headlamps were introduced and from the 1970s, tungsten halogen lamps have been used for several decades in automotive front lighting system. With the implementation of xenon gas discharge lamps, HID headlamps were introduced in 1991. Recently, a new system in automotive lighting was reached by the introduction of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for automotive headlamps. The LEDs provide long life, fuel saving. So, in 2007, the first automotive headlamps with LED low beam were introduced and full LED headlamps were introduced in 2008. but, problems like luminous efficacy of the LED modules and thermal management have to be solved. This study investigates an appropriate heat dissipation system for LED headlamps. The heat sink is esigned according to thermal properties of LED and some related design formulae, and the capacity of cooling fan is optimized by a computer simulation. In addition, a luminous intensity in accordance with temperature variation of LED slug is examined.

LED 전조등과 할로겐 전조등의 연비성능 연구

강병도(Byungdo Kang),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park),용부중(Boojoong Yong),김형구(Hyounggu Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2009 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2009 No.11

Japan has succeeded in developing the necessary headlamp technologies and commercializing the world's first headlamp utilizing white LED's. The LED headlamp also was applied to both Audi R8 in Europe and Cadillac Escalade Platinum in UAS in 2008. Because of the trend of global considering LED Headlamp, development to apply to LED headlamp in Korea is processing actively. However, LED headlamp have to use the high bright LED and heavy heat dispassion systems to proceed headlamp performance. Because of the structure problems weight and cost of the LED headlamp are risen. Therefore, for affordable cost of LED headlamp, the technical study is necessary. In this study, Prototype LED headlamp is made and evaluated luminous intensity, fuel consumption and exhaust gas with halogen headlamp. In the results of this study, the luminous intensity performance of LED headlamp is better and more eco-friendly then halogen headlamp.

LED Headlamp를 적용한 LHPS 냉각성능 해석

강병도(Byungdo Kang),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park),손성만(Sungman Son) 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The influence of the heat sources on LED junction temperature are Engine room air, Back plate, Electric power device, and so on. LED headlamp cooling system is considered to be an important subject for high light efficiency. Because LED Chip will be problem When LED junction temperature be over 135℃. In this Study, the Looped Heat Pipe System is considered to prevent LED Chip fall. The LHPS is consist of evaporator part, condenser part, heat pipe part. The working fluid of LHPS is HCFC-123.

사업용 자동차의 전조등 주간점등운행의 경제성 및 안전성 평가

강병도(Byungdo Kang),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park),용기중(Geejoong Yong) 한국자동차공학회 2004 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Accidents by commercial vehicles were occurred mainly in the daytime. So it is necessary to take measures to prevent accidents by commercial vehicles. In this study, various problems associated with commercial vehicle accidents were identified and solutions were suggested to prevent to those accidents using the headlights. In this study, fuel consumption, additional costs, accident reduction were studied due to the introduction of the daytime running lamps(DRL). The theoretical information about the benefits of using the DRL was provided. Based on the theoretical information, the efficient uses of DRL for commercial vehicles were suggested.

LED 전조등의 성능평가 연구

강병도(Byungdo Kang),박경석(Kyungsuk Park),이호상(Hosang Lee),김형구(Hyounggu Kim) 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

자동차 등화장치의 국제 안전기준 제정 연구

강병도(Byungdo Kang),이호상(Hosang Lee),박경석(Kyoungsuk Park) 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Technologies for vehicle lamps have been rapidly advanced in line with recent development of Information Technology. Advanced countries in automobile industry, for example. USA, Europe or Japan have been aware of significance of future vehicle development and thus they have invested huge research efforts in R&D to preoccupy new technologies. In accordance with these trends, development of cutting edge technologies for future vehicle research projects have been promoted, led by government since 2003. More importantly, outcome resulting from research should be reflected when the safety standards for future vehicle are established In this study, new emerging technologies and trends of international safety standard for vehicle lamps in foreign countries were investigated. In addition, need for application of these technologies to domestic safety standards were analyzed.