메타버스 캐릭터 속성과 퍼스널 스페이스 현황과 효과 분석

김덕민,석현선,정형원,Kim, Deok Min,Seok, Hyeonseon,Jeong, Hyung Won 조선대학교 기초과학연구원 2021 조선자연과학논문집 Vol.14 No.3

Personal space is an invisible space around people and plays an important role in human communication. Individual spaces are known to change according to gender and relationships in communication between people. This study examines whether such personal space exists between characters on a metabus. Gender participants took up short personal space, and female participants found that on the Metabus, they changed their personal space according to their intimacy or gender with other people's characters rather than their own. Male participants are thought to change their personal space according to their personality in case of reason in Metabus. From this, it is thought that the participant continues to have physicality, just as the meta-bus actually has a body. Female participants found that in Metabuses, as in the real world, gender between characters has a similar short personal space, rather than gender, and intimacy between characters. In the case of male participants, it was shown that the closeness between the characters was similar to that of the personal space, but the gender of other characters did not change the personal space. Future validation of personal space for metabus characters requires comparison of shapes of individual spaces and cultures, such as individual characteristics, such as introduction and extroversion of individual space, and experiments of gender. In this experiment, the number of female experiment participants is strongly required in future experiments, as compared with male experiment participants, and the need for various cultural experiments is also required.

문화콘텐츠의 민중의식과 변혁적 가치로의 실천방향

김진형 글로벌 문화콘텐츠학회 2017 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.31

In traditional society, there are three major fruits of the culture in which people's consciousness is manifested: fruits based on people's literature, fruits based on people's cultural contents, and fruits based on people's revolution. As people's cultural contents in traditional society worked to increase the deficiency of actions based on people's consciousness when people's consciousness stayed in people's literature, the fruits based on people's cultural contents regulated people's actions based on people's consciousness between the fruits based on people's literature and those based on people's revolution. It also reduced the excessive actions based on people's consciousness during people's revolution. Like traditional society, the culture in which people's consciousness is manifested or is in the process of coming to fruition in modern society has come to fruition in three major aspects. There are, however, differences in terms of mutual relations among the three fruits between modern and traditional society. It is no exaggeration to say that the fruits based on people's literature immediately led to the fruits based on people's revolution during Rhee Syngman's dictatorial regime. During Park Chung-hee's dictatorial regime, however, there were no fruits based on people's revolution. However, the fruits based on people's literature laid a foundation for the fruits based on people's cultural contents. During Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorial regime, the independent actions of college students led to the fruits based on people's cultural contents between those based on people's literature and those based on people's revolution. Here, the functions of fruits based on people's cultural contents worked to serve as a cultural movement for fruition based on people's revolution beyond those of fruits based on people's cultural contents in traditional society. The Gwanghwamun Candlelight Culture Festival, which demanded Park Geun-hye's resignation, went beyond the patterns of mutual relations found in the three types of people's consciousness discussed so far since it solved massive social conflicts with the power of cultural contents by performing people's cultural contents faithfully while bearing fruits based on people's literature and people's cultural content freely. Therefore, the present study proposes two basic directions to realize people's consciousness in cultural contents as transformative values: one is orientation toward cultural contents to keep human dignity alive rather than cultural contents to kill human dignity; the other is to push forward a cultural contents revolution to reorganize the three core bases of cultural contents, which are legal, management, and business based. When they are realized, the Ministry of Culture will certainly be able to implement a cultural contents policy based on its original duty of creating culture. 전통사회에서 민중의식이 발현된 문화가 맺은 결실은 크게 ‘민중문학적 결실’, ‘민중문화콘텐츠적 결실’, ‘민중혁명적 결실’ 등 세 가지였다. 여기서 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실은 민중문학적 결실과 민중혁명적 결실 사이에서 민중의 ‘민중의식적 행동성’을 조절하는 기능을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 왜냐하면 전통사회의 민중문화콘텐츠는 민중의 민중의식이 민중문학에 머물렀을 때 나타나는 민중의식적 행동성의 결핍을 상승시키고, 한편 민중혁명에 나타나는 민중의식적 행동성의 과잉을 하강시키는 기능도 했기 때문이다. 현대사회에서 민중의식이 발현된 문화는 전통사회처럼 세 결실을 맺었거나 맺고 있는 중이다. 그러나 세 결실의 상호관계를 보면, 전통사회와는 전혀 다른 양상이다. 먼저, 이승만 독재정권 때는 민중문학적 결실을 통해 바로 민중혁명적 결실을 맺었다 해도 과언이 아니다. 이와 달리, 박정희 독재정권 때는 민중혁명적 결실을 맺지는 못했지만, 민중문학적 결실을 바탕으로 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실을 맺기 위한 기초를 다지는 작업을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 그에 비해, 전두환 독재정권 때는 민중문학적 결실과 민중혁명적 결실 사이에 대학생들의 주체적인 행동으로 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실을 맺었는데, 여기서 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실의 기능은 전통사회의 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실의 기능을 넘어서는 ‘민중혁명적 결실맺음을 향한 문화운동’의 기능을 했던 것이다. 박근혜 퇴진 광화문 촛불문화제는 지금까지 논의한 민중의식의 세 결실의 상호관계 양상을 넘어선 것이다. 왜냐하면 민중문학적 결실과 민중문화콘텐츠적 결실을 자유롭게 맺어가는 가운데 민중문화콘텐츠의 충실한 연행을 통해, ‘문화콘텐츠의 힘’으로 거대한 사회갈등을 해결하는 기능을 했기 때문이다. 최종적으로 문화콘텐츠에 나타난 민중의식을 변혁적 가치로 실천하기 위한 두 가지 기본방향을 제시하였다. 첫째로 인간의 존엄성을 ‘죽이는 문화콘텐츠’가 아닌, 그것을 ‘살리는 문화콘텐츠’를 지향하는 것이다. 둘째로 문화콘텐츠의 3대 핵심기반 즉, 법률기반, 관리기반, 사업기반을 재편하는 ‘문화콘텐츠혁명’을 추진하는 것이다. 그렇게 되면, 문화창달이라는 문화부 본연의 임무로 문화콘텐츠정책이 운영될 수 있을 것이 자명하다.

개인정보 비식별 조치 가이드라인의 법적 문제와 개인정보보호법제 개선방향

이순환,박종수 한국공법학회 2016 공법연구 Vol.45 No.2

We stand at the dawn of the fourth industrial revolution, in which the promotion of the ICT industry, which includes areas such as cloud computing, big data, and internet of things, can have substantial impact on the future of countries. As the ICT industry grows, so do voices of concern over the privacy risks it may pose on personal information. However, without the utilization of personal information, the ICT industry, which is based on the use of information, cannot seek further development. The Korean legislation has been continuously reinforced after large-scale infringements of personal information, but such reinforcements resulted in hampering the development of the ICT industry. Hence, the Korean government proposed the Guideline on De-identification of Personal Information which provides for the use of effectively de-identified information for conducting big data analysis and other such activities. It is welcome news that the government has proposed a guideline that aims to promote the legitimate utilization of personal information amid excessive regulation. The guideline is also meaningful in that it provides a guide for interpretation for those ambiguous situations where it is unclear whether an information is personal. However, the guideline has its problems: first, the terminology “de-identification” is not clear in substance; second, service providers are overburdened with the obligation to conduct regular monitoring as a form of post management; third, personal information can still be invaded by combination support of de-identified information; and fourth, there it does not stipulate obligations of service providers that corresponds to the use of personal information. Furthermore, it sets down the concept of personal information and the right to consent, which are the core contents of personal information protection legislation, and therefore contravenes the form of law. Countries around the world are setting up their legislation regarding the protection of personal information. Among them, the GDPR of the EU and the Personal Information Protection Act of Japan are full of suggestions. The development of IoT and big data eventually will bring about changes in the protection system of personal information, which builds upon the concept of personal information and the right to consent. In this paper, building on the criticism against foreign legislation and the guideline set forth by the Korean government, will propose a way to improve the personal information protection legislation. The strict opt-in method used for consent shall change, and eventually the responsibilities of the personal information manager shall be fortified in order to protect personal information while at the same time also protecting the value of personal information utilization. 지금은 4차 산업혁명의 시작점으로 이에 기반이 되는 클라우드 컴퓨팅, 빅데이터, 사물인터넷 등 ICT 산업의 진흥은 국가의 미래가 걸린 문제라 할 수 있다. ICT 산업의 발전에 따라 개인정보의 침해 위험의 목소리가 날로 높아지고 있지만, 개인정보의 활용이 뒷받침되지 않고서는 정보를 기반으로 하는 ICT 산업의 발전을 꾀할 수 없다. 우리의 법제는 대규모의 개인정보 침해 사건으로 인해 지속적으로 강화되어 왔으며, 이러한 개인정보 보호법제는 ICT 산업의 발전을 저해하는 요인이 되었다. 이에 정부는 개인정보 비식별 조치에 대한 가이드라인을 제시하여 비식별 정보를 빅데이터 분석 등에 활용할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 과도한 개인정보 규제 상황에서 개인정보의 활용을 도모하기 위한 가이드라인을 제시하였다는 점은 환영할만하다. 그리고 가이드라인은 개인정보인지 여부가 불분명한 경우에 대한 해석지침을 마련해주었다는데 의의가 있다. 하지만 가이드라인은 내용면에서 첫째 ‘비식별’이 개념상 명확하지 않다는 점, 둘째 사후조치로 사업자에게 주기적인 모니터링의 과중한 의무를 부담시키고 있다는 점, 셋째 비식별정보의 결합지원에 의해 개인정보침해가 가능하다는 점, 넷째, 개인정보 이용에 합당한 사업자들의 의무가 없다는 점 등의 문제가 있다. 또한 가이드라인이란 형식으로 개인정보의 개념이나 동의권과 같은 개인정보 보호법제의 핵심적인 내용을 다루고 있어서 법형식면에서 문제가 된다. 세계 각국은 개인정보 보호법제를 정비하고 있다. EU의 GDPR의 제정과 일본의 개인정보보호법 개정은 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다. 사물인터넷과 빅데이터의 발전은 결국 기존의 개인정보의 개념과 동의권에 기초한 개인정보 보호체계에 대한 변화를 가져올 수밖에 없다. 본고에서는 외국의 입법례와 가이드라인에 대한 비판을 토대로 하여 개인정보의 보호와 활용의 경계에서 개인정보 보호법제의 개선방향을 제시하고자 한다. 엄격한 Opt-in 방식의 동의제도가 변화해야 할 것이며, 궁극적으로는 개인정보처리자의 책임을 강화하여 개인정보의 보호라는 가치와 개인정보 활용의 가치를 균형 있게 보호할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

개인정보보호법상의 형사처벌 규정에 관한 연구

정혜욱(Choung, Hye-Uk) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2011 法學論文集 Vol.35 No.3

Previously, Korean personal information protection was considered to be incomplete for covering only the public affairs. On September 30th, 2011, however, Korea enacted personal information protection act and extended its coverage by including private affairs. Since then, Korean personal information protection has become an intact system. The momentum for this extension of the protection range was served by the major personal information leakages centered on the private enterprises. ‘SK Broadband’, ‘Auction online auctioning site’, ‘Hyundai Capital’ cases are the few examples. legal benefit the personal information protection act essentially protects is the rights of informational self-determination. The rights of informational self-determination directly originated from the privacy act, article 17 of the constitutional law. Similar to tranquility of the habitat, personal information falls into the area of privacy and therefore is the subject of constitutional protection. Even though the protection for personal information is the fundamental human rights prescribed by the constitutional law, the absence of practical act to support its protection led to deal its violation only by civil means.as personal information protection law is enacted along with corresponding penalty, the rights of informational self-determination became one of the fundamental human rights that is directly protected by the constitutional law. Violation of the rights of informational self-determination has the property of intruding the control of personal information by the subject of rights. According to this property, the collection and processing of the personal information under the subject’s consent is exempted from the punishment.there exists an opposition between how one would describe the exemption of the penalty under consent of the subject of information. One is by distinguishing between agreement which removes the elements of an offense and approval which precludes the wrongfulness. The other one is by deciding either on the circumstances of the removing the elements of an offence or the circumstances precluding wrongfulness. For the latter case, it is often said that it is practically impossible to distinguish between approval and agreement and that no benefit arises from such distinction. However, this is not the case. the violation of the rights of informational self-determination, the consent of the information subject should be considered as agreement that removes the elements of an offence. This is analogous to theft where the violation of ownership of the goods occur. For example, if the owner of goods gives consent and the other acquires them, the elements of an offence are not comprisable.offender of the violation of the rights of informational self-determination is fundamentally the information processor. Here, the information processor can be public institution, corporation, organization, or individuals, etc. who, for business purposes, wish to process personal information by themselves or through the means of other people. According to this definition, all the people who process personal information is the offender. The basic structure of the system is as follows. The person in charge of the information processing is subjected to punishment as offender and the corresponding corporation or organization is fined only when it is subjected to penalty against employer and employee.the violation of the rights of informational self-determination is subjected to punishment except the collection of information without consent. In regards to collection, if the collector does not receive consent from the information subject, only the fine will be levied on him. However, if he commits fraud while obtaining consents, he is subjected to punishment.

신학과 심리학의 통합적 관점에서 본 하나님의 형상으로서의 인격 개념 및 그 적용 방안 연구

심수명 ( Soo Myung Shim ) 한국복음주의 기독교상담학회 2006 복음과 상담 Vol.6 No.-

일반적으로 교육은 인격의 실현에 최대 관심을 두어 왔다. 그러나 산업기술 의 발달에 따라 물질적 풍요와 함께 인격 중심의 전통적 교육이 실용적 지식과 과학기술 중심의 교육으로 변모되었다. 이러한 사회조직과 교육의 변혁은 전통 적 가치체계를 붕괴시면서 물질적 풍요를 쫓는 성공위주의 삶으로 가치관에 심각한 혼란과 위기 현상을 야기하였고, 그리하여 현대사회는 성공 지향적 관 점으로 사람들을 교육한다. 하지만 성공보다는 인격을 더 중요시해야 하는데 그 이유는 그것이 온전함 을 제공하기 때문이다. 실제적으로 사회적으로나 경제적으로 성공한 것처럼 보 여도 그의 인격이 이기적이거나 부정적일 때 결국에는 각종 비리와 부정, 타락 에 연루되어 삶이 무너지는 결과를 자주 보게 된다. 따라서 교육계에서는 인격 적 교육의 중요성을 재인식하면서 이들 병리 현상을 진단하고 치유하는 방안 을 탐색하는 논의가 다방면에서 이뤄지고 있다. 기존의 인격 연구는 주로 도덕교육의 한 측면으로서의 연구가 대부분이었다. 그러나 연구자는 신학 및 심리학적 관점을 통합하여 3가지 인격 개념을 소개 하였다. 그것은 가면적 인격, 내면적 인격, 관계적 인격이다. 그리고 이 세 가 지 인격 개념과 삼위일체 하나님의 관계를 비교하면서 하나님의 형상으로서의 인격 형성을 위해 필요한 교육은 어떠해야 하는지도 제시하였다. 또한 인격 교육이 삶에서 훈련되어져야 하는 덕목이기에 훈련으로서의 인격 을 역설하고 그것에 따라 교육의 주체자도 교사나 교실 환경보다는 부모가 주 체가 되어 가정이나 공동체에서 삶을 연습하고 모델링해야 하는 것을 강조하 고 이를 위한 실제 적용방안을 제시하였다. Generally, the aim of education is to cultivate one`s personality at the most. As, however, technology had been grown along with material prosperity, traditional personality-based education have been turned into practical & scientific knowledge- based education. The changes in social structure and education have destroyed traditional value system, therefore resulted in success-centered life seeking after material prosperity and made confuse people with crisis of their value system. In current society, schools and institutions educate people based on the pursuit of success. Although a person seems successful socially and financially, but is very selfish and bad, we often eyewitness him/her involved with various corruption, absurdity, and iniquity and finally hurt his/her own life. In order to solve this kind of problem, educational institutions have recognized and re-examined personality education, diagnosed its symptom, discussed and searched for the ways to cure in different field. The previous personality studies have been almost related with one side of ethics education. In contrast, in this study, I investigate the concept of personality in the view of theology and psychology and psychological object in the personality education. Also I integrate both of them into true personality concept based on the biblical value and search for 3 elements which are masked personality, internal personality, and interpersonal personality, for establishing healthy personality concept. After considering for those elements, it would be focusing on the live practices or modeling within family and community and looking for the ways to apply into reality since personality education have little effect on only education itself and it has been better to practice in everyday circumstances. I expect to go on better research or study on the personality to be revised and enlarged further.

텔레비전 후보 토론회의 ‘제3자 효과’: 영·호남 지역유권자들의 사회적 거리 인식과 메시지 호의성 지각을 중심으로

이강형 한국지역언론학회 2010 언론과학연구 Vol.10 No.3

This study investigated the third-person(or first-person) perception of televised presidential debates. Considered in exploring the third-person(or first person) effect were three contingent variables such as voters' perception of message desirability, self-perceived knowledge and election involvement, and social distance and group stereotype. Data came from a series of two panel surveys which were conducted toward voters in two different regions, Daegu and Kwangju, during the 2002 Korean presidential campaign periods from October 29 to December 15, 2002. The research findings are as follows. First, the findings confirmed people's third-person tendencies to attribute greater effect of televised presidential debates on the comparison residential group than on themselves regardless of their perception of message desirability. Second, people's self- perceived election involvement explained the third-person effect of the debates when people perceived the candidate they support performed better than the other candidates in the debates. However, people's self-perceived political knowledge explained the third-person effect of the debates when people perceived the candidate they support performed worse than the other candidates in the debates people's self-perceived. Finally, people, who have more positive stereotype of the comparison group, attributed greater effect of the debates on comparison group than on themselves when they perceived the candidate they support performed better in the debates. In contrast, people, who have more positive stereotype of the comparison group, attributed lesser effect of the debates on comparison group than on themselves when they perceived the candidate they support performed worse in the debates. The perception of social distance and negative stereotype of comparison group had no effect of the third-person perception. 본 연구는 대통령 선거 캠페인 기간 동안에 이루어지는 텔레비전 후보 토론회의 영향력을 두고 영·호남 유권자들 사이에서 나타나는 편향된 인식을 제3자 효과 이론을 통해 검증해 보고자 했다. 이를 위해 2002년 제16대 대통령 선거 캠페인 기간 동안 대구와 광주에 거주하는 유권자들을 상대로 두 번에 걸친 설문조사를 실시했다. 연구는 텔레비전 후보토론회의 제3자 효과 지각과 관련된 세 가지 조건변인 즉, 메시지 호의성 지각, 수용자의 주관적인 정치지식과 선거 관여도, 비교집단과의 사회적 거리와 고정관념에 관심을 가졌다. 분석결과, 텔레비전 후보 토론회에 대한 호의성 지각 여부와 상관없이 대구와 광주 지역 응답자들은 전반적으로 자신보다는 비교집단이 더 큰 영향을 받을 것으로 지각하는 제3자 효과 지각 현상이 나타났다. 주관적 정치지식과 선거 관여도의 경우 호의적인 메시지 지각에서는 선거 관여도가 제3자 효과 지각현상을 강화시켰던 반면, 비호의적인 메시지 지각에서는 주관적인 정치지식이 제3자 효과 지각을 불러일으켰다. 마지막으로, 비교집단과의 사회적 거리와 고정관념의 경우 사회적 거리인식은 메시지 호의성 지각에 상관없이 제3자 효과(또는 제1자 효과) 지각에 아무런 영향을 미치지 못했다. 고정관념의 경우 비교집단에 대해 긍정적 고정관념을 많이 가지고 있을수록 호의적인 메시지에 대해 비교집단이 자신보다 더 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 인식했고, 비호의적인 메시지에 대해서는 비교집단이 자신보다 더 적게 영향을 받는 것으로 인식했다.

맞춤형 챗봇 디자인을 위한 성격(Personality) 중심의 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크 개발에 관한 연구

유한나,이지현 인제대학교 디자인연구소 2019 Journal of Integrated Design Research (JIDR) Vol.18 No.1

Background : There is a growing interest in chatbot with excellent usability and convenience. Users perceive chatbot as a person with personality that helps people to interact more naturally. The personality of chatbot determines not only the tone and manner of conversation but also the information and form, and it is important to give a consistency suitable for characteristics of service and user because user's perception and response are different according to personality. However, there is not much studies that is clear criteria for chatbots and interaction design suitable for personality. Methods : In this study, it is proposed the new personality types classification framework of chatbot focusing on overall interaction based on literature research and limitations of previous research. The framework is based on DISC model that can apply interaction effectively by extroverted behavioral standard, so 9 kinds of personality types are derived by converting standards to personality of task and information providing method. And based on the interaction elements of chatbot, it developed the interaction design framework based on the personality for the customized chatbot design that is derived the interaction design guidelines and principles. The UI is created by applying the actual service as a customized chatbot with multiple personality types. Finally, the validity of the framework and the suitability of the interaction based on the personality were verified through the expert evaluation. Result : As a result of the verification, it was evaluated that the framework created in this study has high value in developing chatbot. It could easily design chatbot with multiple personality and would be useful to suggest new interactions. However, it has received a low rating for delicate interactions such as microinteractions. So it is necessary to secure the interaction design framework in the future. Conclusion : As a result, interaction design framework focused on personality of customized chatbot design will make designer easy to design a chatbot systematically by selecting the personality of chatbot according to the purpose of service and user's needs. In addition, the user can use the chatbot service having the most suitable personality by developing multiple personality types that meet the various needs of user. This will make users and chatbots to build intimate relationships, and deliver information to users through appropriate interactions to personality. 연구배경 : 최근 뛰어난 사용성과 편리성을 가진 챗봇에 대한 관심이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 사용자들은 점차 챗봇을 성격(Personality)을 가진 하나의 인격체로서 인식하고 있으며, 챗봇의 성격은 사람과 더욱 자연스러운 상호작용을 할 수 있도록 도와준다. 챗봇의 성격은 대화의 톤과 어조뿐 아니라 제공되는 정보와 형태를 결정하며, 성격에 따라 사용자의 인식과 대응 방법이 달라지기 때문에 서비스와 사용자의 특성에 맞는 일관된 성격을 부여하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 실제로 챗봇의 성격에 대한 명확한 기준과 그에 맞는 인터랙션 디자인에 관한 연구가 미비하다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 문헌조사 및 기존 연구의 한계점을 바탕으로 전반적인 인터랙션을 포함하는 새로운 챗봇의 성격 유형 분류 프레임워크를 제안한다. 이를 위해 외향적인 행동 기준을 바탕으로 인터랙션을 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 DISC모델을 활용하여 프레임워크의 틀을 제작하고, 성격 분류 기준을 챗봇의 특성에 맞게 태스크 성격과 정보 제공 방식으로 변환하여 총 9가지의 성격 유형을 도출한다. 그리고 각 성격에 맞는 챗봇의 인터랙션 요소를 중심으로 인터랙션 디자인 가이드라인을 도출하여, 맞춤형 챗봇 디자인을 위한 성격 중심의 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크를 개발한다. 개발된 프레임워크의 활용방법을 제시하기 위해 프레임워크를 실제 서비스에 적용하여 UI를 제작함으로써 복수의 성격을 가진 맞춤형 챗봇을 구현한다. 마지막으로 전문가 평가를 통해 성격에 따른 인터랙션의 적합성과 프레임워크의 유용성을 검증한다. 연구결과 : 검증결과 본 연구에서 제작된 프레임워크가 실제 챗봇을 개발하는 데 있어 높은 가치가 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 복수의 성격을 가진 챗봇을 쉽게 설계할 수 있으며, 기존의 한계를 벗어난 새로운 인터랙션을 제안하는 데 유용할 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 마이크로인터랙션과 같은 섬세한 인터랙션에 대해서는 상대적으로 낮은 평가를 받았으므로 향후 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크의 보안이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 결론 : 성격 중심의 인터랙션 디자인 프레임워크를 활용하여 디자이너는 서비스의 목적과 사용자의 요구(Needs)에 맞는 챗봇의 성격을 선정하고, 성격에 적합한 챗봇의 인터랙션을 체계적으로 설계할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 다양한 사용자의 요구를 충족하는 복수의 성격을 챗봇에 적용할 경우, 사용자는 자신에게 가장 적합한 성격을 가진 챗봇 서비스를 이용할 수 있다. 이를 통해 사용자와 챗봇은 친밀한 관계를 형성할 수 있으며, 성격 유형에 따른 차별화된 인터랙션을 통해 각 사용자에게 맞춤화된 정보를 효과적으로 전달하여 서비스의 범용성을 확대할 수 있을 것이다.

인민의 국가, 망각의 언어 — 인민의 국가를 그린 해방직후의 기행문들

신형기 상허학회 2015 상허학보 Vol.43 No.-

If Liberation of Korea must be liberation of people, the sovereign state that will newly established must be the people’s state which guarantee the freedom of people. In this article I shed light on how the expectation of the people’s state did expressed through travelogues written after the Liberation of Korea. The narrative about the people’s state that guarantee the liberation of people was the narrative which define who are the people and who are not people. I will ask the meaning of those defining. The way to Yenan(延安行, 1946) written by Kim, Tae-jun and Kim Saryan's Long way of slow horse(駑馬萬里, 1947) were the memoirs of their escapes to Yenan, depicted Yenan as a people’s state. The reason was that the people have widen the freedom through horizontal communication based on moral unification. On the other hand Lee, Tae-jun insisted that Soviet Union guarantees absolute equality to every nation even to minorities.(Travel to Soviet Union 蘇聯紀行, 1947) These travelogues have expressed the expectations that the people’s state realized in newly changing world system after World War II. But their dreams can not be free from the division of Cold War and shadow of power politics. 38 North was also described as a people’s state. On, Nak-jung’s Travel to North Korea(北朝鮮紀行, 1948) and Seo, Kwang-jae’s Travel to North Korea(北朝鮮紀行, 1948) and Kim, Dong-Seog’s North Korea's impression(北朝鮮의 印象, 1948) depicted North as a place where the modernization realized morally. According to these travelogue that adore the appearance and leadership of Kim Il Sung, the development of the North was possible by this extraordinary leader. The narrative of that revolutionary armed force leaded by Kim Il Sung made possible the birth of new state and the renewal of people by conduct Land reform, demarcate who is this people and who are not the people. People became something who received land gratefully and reborn through the Democratic reforms. The situation that the people could not be no longer open or indeterminate term, made people as a word of forgetting. Because anyone could be people just by follow the sovereign who prescribed the boundary of people.(People may have forgotten the memory of past under the Imperial system of fascism. Because they forgot the memory of ruled past, they still keep the place look up sovereign power.) If the people’s state can not but alienated at the point that the people were defined only by sovereign power, the people’s state erected by this course can turn back to prison at any time. 해방이 인민의 해방이어야 한다고 할 때 새로 세워야 할 주권국가는 마땅히 인민의 자유를 보장하는 인민의 국가여야 했다. 이 글에서는 해방직후 쓰인 몇몇 기행문을 대상으로 인민의 국가에 대한 기대가 어떻게 표현되었는가를 조명했다. 인민의 해방을 담보할 인민의 국가에 대한 이야기는 인민이 누구인가를 규정하는 것이었는데, 이러한 규정의 경위와 의미를 묻고자 한 것이다. 해방이후 쓰인 김태준의 「연안행(延安行)」(1946~1947)과 김사량의 「노마만리(駑馬萬里)」(1946~1947)는 필자들이 식민지시대 말기에 감행한 연안으로의 탈출 과정을 돌이킨 것으로, 연안을 참다운 인민의 국가로 그려내었다. 인민이 도덕적 일체화를 이루어 소통을 통해 자유의 영역을 넓혀가고 있다는 이유였다. 한편 이태준은 『소련기행』(1947)에서 민족 간의 절대평등이 소비에트의 원칙이라고 소개했다. 이 기행문들은 대전 이후 변화를 맞은 세계체제 속에서 새로이 인민의 국가가 현실화되고 있다는 기대를 표현했지만, 현실정치적 상황 속에서 그들의 바람은 냉전의 구획이나 세계를 분할하는 권력정치의 그늘로부터 자유로울 수 없는 것이었다. 38이북 역시 인민의 나라로 그려졌다. 온낙중의 『북조선기행』(1948)이나 서광제의 『북조선기행』(1948), 그리고 김동석의 「북조선의 인상」(1948)은 이북을 도덕적 근대화가 실현되고 있는 곳으로 그렸다. 김일성의 풍모와 지도력을 예찬한 이 글들에 의하면 이북의 발전은 이 특별한 지도자에 의해 가능했던 것이었다. 토지개혁 등을 시행함으로써 인민을 거듭나게 한 국가의 탄생이 김일성이 이끄는 혁명적 무력을 ‘산파’로 하여 가능했다는 이야기는 인민이 누구인가를 구획하는 것이었다. 인민은 김일성에게 땅을 받은 농민들이며 그가 이끈 민주적 개혁조치를 통해 거듭난 사람들이 되었다. 인민이 더 이상 개방적이거나 비결정적인 용어가 아니게 된 상황은 인민을 망각의 언어로 만들었다. 인민이 누구인가를 규정한 주권자를 좇기만 하면 인민일 수 있었기 때문이다. (인민이 망각한 것은 과거 천황제 파시즘에 복속되었던 신민의 기억이 아니었을까? 신민의 기억을 망각했기 때문에 다시 주권자를 한없이 우러르는 위치에 섰다는 뜻이다.) 인민이 주권자에 의해 구획되는 지점에서 인민이 주인이 되는 국가를 향한 바람은 소외되게 마련이었다면, 그렇게 세워진 인민의 국가는 언제든 다시 감옥으로 바뀔 수 있는 것이었다.

인격장애의 약물치료

강병조(Byung-Jo Kang),장기용(Kee-Yong Jang) 대한생물치료정신의학회 1997 생물치료정신의학 Vol.3 No.2

This artical is based on the review of many papers about psychopharmacotherapy of personality disorders such as schizotypal personality disprder, borderline personlity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, hystrionic personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder and depressive personality disorder by DSM-Ⅳ. The auther concluded that personality disorders can be treated when psychiatrists treat earnestly the disorders with new drugs such as atypical antipsychotics, SSRIs and RIMA disregarding the belief that personality disorders are not curable diseases.

공통참조요강초안(Draft Common Frame of Reference)의 인적담보에 관한 연구

위계찬 ( We Kye-chan ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2009 외법논집 Vol.33 No.2

Personal security is ruled in the Book Ⅳ Part G of the Draft Common Frame of Reference(DCFR). Personal security differ from proprietary security which is granted by the debtor or the third party. Proprietary security creates a preferential right for the creditor in on or more specific items of its property. By contrast, a security provider who assumes a personal security becomes liable to the creditor with all its assets. The part G of Book Ⅳ of DCFR consists of 4 Chapters, the main chapters are chapters 2 and 3 which deal, respectively, with the dependent and independent personal security. These core chapters are accompanied by two chapters, chapter 1 with common rules and chapter 4 with special rules for personal security of consumers. Article 1:101 (a) and (b) in chapter 1 define the two basic types of personal security, a dependent security independent security. Dependent personal security is an obligation by a security provider which is assumed in favour of a creditor in order to secure a present or future obligation of the debtor owed to the creditor and performance of which is due only if, and to the extent that, performance of the latter obligation is due. The dependent personal security ist characterized by the fact that it dependes upon the secured obligation which owed to the creditor by the debtor. Independent personal security differ from dependent personal security. Independent personal security is an obligation by a security provider which is assumed in favour of a creditor for the purposes of security and which is expressly or impliedly declared not to depend upon another person's obligation owed the the creditor. Its feature is the independence of the security provider's obligation to the creditor. The main rules on personal security according to DCFR are as follows. The dependent personal security is the milder form than the independent personal security. Paragraph of Article 2:101 establishes a presumption for assuming a dependent personal security in case of doubt. Article 2:102 of chapter 2 deals with dependency of the dependent personal security. The validity, extent and terms of the security obligation depend upon the validity, extent and terms of the secured obligation. With respect of liability of a dependent security provider, Articles 2:105 and 2:106 deal with 2 basic forms, which is either solidary or subsidiary. The rules of DCFR on personal security select the solidarity as the basic form of dependent personal security provider. However, consumer security providers benefit from subsidiary liability. The security provider does not know of the events of the debtor which are relevant for its position and possible steps to protect its interest. In this respect DCFR pays attention to the importance for the security of having the necessary information. In accordance with Article 2:107 the creditor is required to notify the security provider without undue delay in case of a non-performance or inability to pay of the debtor as well as of an extension of maturity. This rule is very important for the protection of the security provider, especially under article 2:111. In addition DCFR regulate the liability of the creditor if and in so far as due to the creditor's conduct the security provider cannot be subrogated toe the creditor's rights against the debtor and to the creditor's personal and proprietary security rights. Furthermore Part G of Book Ⅳ of DCFR postulate the obligation of the security provider before or after performance in articles 2:112 and 2:113. In respect of the independent personal security DCFR declare the independency of the independent personal security in article 3:101. Article 3:102 require the independent security provider to notify the debtor of a demand for performance, performance and the reason for the refusal, if the performance has been refused. With reference to the performance of the security provider the rules of articles 3:103, 3:104 and 3:105 are important. After performance the security provider has the right to reclaim the benefits received by the creditor if the conditions for the creditor's demand were not or subsequently ceased to be fulfilled or the creditor's demand was manifestly abusive or fraudulent. The first chapter with common rules of Book Ⅳ Part G of DCFR apply to all chapters, however chapter 1 is, above all, important for dependent personal security and independent personal security. Chapter 4 of Book Ⅳ Part G of DCFR is devoted to the protection of consumers as security provider. The rules of chapter 4 apply to personal security granted by a consumer. The core provision for the protection of consumer is article 4:103 with creditor's pre-contractual duty of information. In addition chapter 4 regulate the subsidiary liability of consumer security provider and the reduction of its liability to the amount of the secured obligation in case of security without a maximum amount.