미세먼지 유도 호흡기 염증에 대한 손바닥선인장 추출물의 보호 효과

김봉균 충북대학교 2022 국내박사

In this study, the protective effect of respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter was confirmed through in vitro and in vivo tests using Opuntia picus-indica stem extract, and the mechanism of action was investigated. And the indicator material of Opuntia picus-indica stem extract was determined. As a result of in vitro test the protective effect of ROS produced by particulate matter on the Opuntia picus-indica stem, hot water extracts and 50% ethanol extracts were found to be effective in protection respiratory inflammation caused by particulate matter by 30% and 57%, respectively. To confirm the efficacy of Opuntia ficus-indica extract (OFI-50E) on the inflammatory response induced by particulate matter, efficacy evaluation was conducted using an animal model. As a result of analyzing inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, CXCL-1, MIP2, IL_17, and TNF-α increased by particulate matter were statistically significantly decreased in the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue was also significantly reduced in the OFI-50E-administered group, and it was confirmed through immunohistochemical staining that the expression of TNF-α and CXCL-2 proteins in the lung tissue was reduced. As a result of analyzing various immune cells present in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral mononuclear cells, it was confirmed that lymphocytes and neutrophils in the lung tissue were significantly reduced in the OFI-50E administration group, and the number of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that the number of Gr-1+ /CD11b+ cells was significantly reduced. As a result of analyzing various immune cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral monocytes, it was confirmed that various immune cells increased by particulate matter were decreased in the OFI-50E administration group. Through histological analysis of lung tissue and airway tissue, it was confirmed that the tissue damage caused by particulate matter improved in the OFI-50E administration group. To confirm whether OFI-50E has an effective improvement effect on respiratory damage aggravated by particulate matter in an asthma animal model, efficacy evaluation was conducted using a respiratory damage model caused by asthma and particulate matter. In addition, in the group administered with OFI-50E, the total number of cells and the total number of lung cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage increased by OVA and particulate matter were significantly decreased, and it was confirmed that the number of neutrophils was decreased. As a result of analyzing inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, it was confirmed that CXCL-1, MIP2, IL_17, and TNF-α increased by particulate matter were statistically significantly reduced in the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, it was confirmed that IL_4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are involved in allergy, were significantly reduced in the splenocytes of the OFI-50E administration group. In addition, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue was also significantly reduced in the OFI-50E-administered group, and it was confirmed that the expression of IRAK-1, CXCL-2, and STAT3 proteins in the lung tissue was reduced. And, as a result of analyzing various immune cells present in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and peripheral mononuclear cells, the number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, activated hlper T cells and CD11b-/CD44high+ cells in the lung tissue was decreased in the OFI-50E-administered group. In addition, it was confirmed that the number of Gr-1+ /CD11b+ cells was significantly reduced. Similarly, as a result of analyzing various immune cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral monocytes, it was confirmed that various immune cells increased by particulate matter in the OFI-50E group were decreased. Through histological analysis of lung tissue, it was confirmed that inflammation in the tissue was improved and collagen deposition was improved in the OFI-50E administration group. In OFI-50E, narcissin with a high content was set as an indicator material. The efficacy of narcissin for improving inflammation induced by particulate matter was confirmed in vitro, and finally, narcissin was determined as an indicator material. Summarizing the above results, Opuntia ficus-indica extract confirmed the improvement effect on respiratory inflammation induced by particulate matter and asthma symptoms aggravated by particulate matter. This efficacy is judged to be the result of suppressing NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation and inhibiting the production of inflammation-related cytokines as IRAK-1 expression activated by TLR4 is suppressed.

노인의 미세먼지 관련 건강행위와 영향요인

박민경 연세대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of health behavior related to particulate matter in the elderly and investigate the factors affecting it. The data were collected from September 1 to November 5, 2018 using a structured questionnaire. One hundred and fifty older adults residing in one district of S City participated voluntarily. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS Statistics 23.0. The following are the results of this study. 1. The average score for health behavior related to particulate matter was 79.37±12.31 out of 115. The mean scores of risk perception of particulate matter and risk attitude toward particulate matter were 51.65±7.09 out of 75 and 36.61±4.80 out of 45, respectively. 2. The level of health behavior related to particulate matter was significantly higher in participants who had underlying diseases related to particulate matter than in those who did not have diseases (t =-2.034, p=.044). Risk perception of particulate matter was positively correlated with health behavior related to particulate matter (r=.576, p<.001), and risk attitude toward particulate matter were positively correlated with health behavior related to particulate matter (r=.699, p<.001). 3. Scores for the perception of services related to particulate matter provided by S City and S-gu was 2.49±2.05 out of 10 and that for service experience was 1.69±1.65 out of 10. Service perception (r=.432, p<.001) and experience related to particulate matter (r=.357, p<.001) were significantly correlated with health behavior related to particulate matter. 4. In the multiple regression analysis, the model explained 45.9% of the health behavior related to particulate matter (F=16.776, p<.001). The higher the risk perception of particulate matter (β=.345, p=.026) and the risk attitude toward particulate matter (β=1.118, p<.001), the higher were the health behavior related to particulate matter. Further, the older adults who had at least one disease related to particulate matter (β=3.767, p=.019) and the older adults who had experienced at least one service related to particulate matter (β=5.184, p=.023) practiced more health behavior related to particulate matter than did the older adults who had no disease related to particulate matter and who did not experience services related to particulate matter. These results suggest that to improve health behavior related to particulate matter among the older adults, it is necessary to recognize their risk perception of particulate matter, risk attitude toward particulate matter, and experience of services related to particulate matter. Further, an intervention based on the presence or absence of underlying disease related to particulate matter is necessary. Additionally, this study analyzed how the “Sensitive class protection project” among the “Particulate matter management comprehensive measures,” which is an important policy of the government, was transmitted to people in the local community. It will be helpful to establish a strategy and determine priorities in the future. Key words : Elderly, Particulate matter, Health behavior, Risk perception, Risk attitude, Health information 본 연구는 노인의 미세먼지 관련 건강행위의 분포를 파악하고 이에 영향 미치는 요인을 규명하고자 시행된 서술적 조사연구이다. 자료수집 기간은 2018년 9월 1일부터 11월 5일까지이며, 편의 표출한 S시 1개 지역구에 거주하는 65세 이상 남녀 노인을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 일대일 면담 방식을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 총 150명의 자료를 통계분석에 사용하였고. 수집된 자료는 SPSS Statistics 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, 독립표본 t-검정, 일원 배치 분산분석, 상관관계 분석, 다중 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 미세먼지 관련 건강행위는 115점 만점에 평균 79.37±12.31점이었다. 노인의 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식과 미세먼지 위험에 대한 태도는 각각 75점 만점에 평균 51.65±7.09점, 45점 만점에 평균 36.61±4.80점이었다. 2. 미세먼지 관련 기저질환이 있는 노인은 질환이 없는 노인보다 미세먼지 관련 건강행위가 유의하게 높았다(t=-2.034, p=.044). 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식과 미세먼지 관련 건강행위 간에 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었고(r=.576, p=<.001), 미세먼지 위험에 대한 태도와 미세먼지 관련 건강행위 간에도 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다(r=.699, p<.001). 3. S시와 S구에서 제공하는 미세먼지 관련 서비스에 대한 노인의 인지는 10점 만점에 평균 2.49±2.05점이었고 서비스 경험은 10점 만점에 평균 1.69±1.65점이었다. 노인의 미세먼지 관련 서비스 인지와(r=.432, p<.001) 경험은(r=.357, p<.001) 미세먼지 관련 건강행위와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 4. 다중 회귀분석 시, 모델은 미세먼지 관련 건강행위를 45.9%설명하는 것으로 확인되었다(F=16.776, p<.001). 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식이 높을수록(β=.345, p=.026), 미세먼지 위험 예방에 대한 태도가 긍정적일수록(β=1.118, p<.001) 미세먼지 관련 건강행위 실천 정도가 높았다. 또한 미세먼지 관련 질환이 있는 노인이 없는 노인보다(β=3.767, p=.019), 지역사회의 미세먼지 관련 서비스를 경험한 노인이 경험하지 않은 노인보다(β=5.184, p=.023) 미세먼지 관련 건강행위 실천 정도가 높았다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 노인의 미세먼지 관련 건강행위를 높이기 위하여 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식, 미세먼지 위험에 대한 태도, 미세먼지 관련 서비스 경험이 향상되어야 하고, 미세먼지 관련 기저질환 유무에 따른 중재가 개입되어야 함을 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 노인의 미세먼지 관련 건강행위의 실태와 영향요인을 파악하여 추후 노인의 미세먼지 관련 건강행위 연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있음에 의의가 있다. 또한 현 정부의 중심 정책인 미세먼지 관리 종합 대책 중 민감계층 보호 사업이 지역사회에서 대상자에 어떻게 전달되고 있고, 실제 민감 계층은 얼마나 인지 및 경험하였는지를 노인 중점으로 분석함으로써 추후 중재 전략 및 우선순위 결정에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 핵심되는 말 : 노인, 미세먼지, 건강행위, 위험인식, 위험에 대한 태도, 건강정보

미세먼지 농도에 따른 심·뇌혈관계 및 호흡기계 환자의 119구급 출동 분석

구지연 공주대학교 일반대학원 2020 국내석사

Objective: As urbanization and industrialization progress, the number of emergent patients is increasing rapidly along with the occurrence of various accidents and due to aging of the population and dietary habits, diseases that require prompt managements such as cardio-cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases are also rapidly increasing. In addition, the high concentration of particulate matter, which, the recently emerged serious social problem, raises concern about public health. Particulate matters may exacerbate the symptoms of cardio-cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases and the symptoms can vary widely. Since cardio-cerebrovascular and respiratory symptoms may imply emergent situation, proper managements is required as soon as possible. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effects of particulate matter on cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms in the pre-hospital stage and to provide basic data for improving the responding ability of 119 emergency services in emergency medical services systems. Methods: This study analyzed concentrations of particulate matter(PM10) and fine particulate matter(PM2.5) measured at 17 stations of Air Monitoring Networking in the Incheon Metropolitan City from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018 and prehospital care reports of 46,389 among patients using 119 emergency services in Incheon, aged over 15 years who were classified as “disease” type and transferred to the hospital for complaints of cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory symptoms. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistics ver. 24.0 by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, test, and logistic regression analysis. Results: 1) The mean concentration of particulate matter(PM10) and fine particulate matter(PM2.5) between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018 were 44.68㎍/㎥ and 24.42㎍/㎥, respectively. When compared by year, the mean concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were found to be highest in 2016 and lowest in 2018, but the maximum value of PM2.5 was found to be 142.56㎍/㎥ in 2018. When compared by season, the concentrations PM10 and PM2.5 were found be highest in spring, followed by winter, autumn and summer. 2) Of a total of 46,389 patients, 50.8%(23,568) were male, while 49.2%(22,819) were female. The mean age of the patients was 60.318.8 years. 78.2%(36,262patients) of the patients were found to have specific medical history, of whom 32.6%(15,111patients) had hypertension, 28.5%(13,209patients) other disease, 19.1%(8,857patients) diabetes, 13.6%(6,305patients) heart disease and 8.1%(3,739patients) cerebrovascular disease. For the level of consciousness, 78.3%(36,303) were found to have Alert status(A), followed by 8.7%(4,058) of Unresponsiveness(U), 6.6%(3,049) of response to Pain(P) and 6.4%(2,979) of response with Verbal(V) stimulus and for the classifications of patients, 49.9%(23,167) patients were classified to be emergent, followed by 26.8%(12,431) to be less urgent, and 22.7%(10,517) to be potent emergency. 3) There were statistically significant differences in medical history according to the concentrations of PM10(=212.711, p=.000)·PM2.5(=102.668, p=.000), and 81.0%(166patients) of patients were found to be ‘with’ specific medical history at the concentration of PM10 being 'very bad' and 80.6%(7,168patients) at the concentration of PM2.5 being 'bad'. There were statistically significant differences in the level of consciousness according the concentration of PM10(=38.818. p=.000), and patients with 'response to Pain'(P) were found to be highest, 10.2%(21patients), at the level of concentration of PM10 being 'very bad', while patients with ‘Unresponsiveness’(U) to be highest, 10.1%(335patients) at the level of concentration of PM10 being 'bad'. 4) There were statistically significant differences in cardiopulmonary arrest according to PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in all time lags. For the concentrations on the day of symptom onset, the occurrence of cardiac arrest was shown to be 9.1%(300patients)(=24.491, p=.000, lag0) with PM10 'bad' and 9.0%(47patients)(=16.137, p=.001, lag0) with PM2.5 'very bad', which were highest for both case, while, for the occurrence of pulmonary arrest, 8.6%(284patients)(=25.021, p=.000, lag0) with PM10 'bad' and 8.7%(45patients)(=14.088, p=.003, lag0) with PM2.5 'very bad' being the highest. Significant differences were found in chest pain, palpitation, convulsion/seizure, dizziness, and sputum according to the PM10 concentration, while dyspnea, chest pain, convulsion/seizure, dizziness, cough and sputum according to PM2.5 concentrations, of which the most occurrence was found to be at particulate matter 'bad' and 'very bad'. 5) Statistically significant differences according to concentrations of PM10 were found between all time lags in cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms and between the day of symptom onset in cerebrovascular symptoms, while for concentrations of PM2.5, statistically significant differences were found in cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory symptoms. For the concentrations on the day of symptom onset, the occurrence of cardiopulmonary arrest was shown to be 9.1%(302patients)(=25.548, p=.000, lag0) with PM10 'bad' and 9.0%(47patients)(=16.829, p=.001, lag0) with PM2.5 'very bad', which were highest for both case. 6) The emergency dispatch for cardiopulmonary arrest patients significantly increased with increase in the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5. The probability of 119 emergency dispatch for patients with cardiopulmonary arrest increased 2.8∼4.0% from the day of symptom onset to 2 days before as the PM10 concentration increased by 10㎍/㎥(OR=1.028; 95% CI=1.014∼1.041, p=.000, lag0), (OR=1.040; 95% CI=1.024∼1.056, p=.000, lag1), (OR=1.032; 95% CI=1.016∼1.049, p=.000, lag2), while 3.6∼6.1% as the PM2.5 concentration increased by 10㎍/㎥(OR=1.046; 95% CI=1.024∼1.068, p=.000, lag0), (OR=1.061; 95% CI=1.035∼1.088, p=.000, lag1), (OR=1.036; 95% CI=1.010∼1.063, p=.006, lag2). Conclusion: Cardio-cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease patients over 60 can be considered to be vulnerable to particulate matter. There were significant differences found in occurrence of cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory symptoms according to the concentration of particulate matter and fine particulate matter and it is shown that particulate matter and fine particulate matter affect some of cardio-cerebrovascular and respiratory symptoms. 119 emergency dispatchs for cardiopulmonary arrest were also shown to be increased with increase in particulate matter and fine particulate matter concentrations. Therefore, it could be suggested that education on the characteristics and risks of high-risk patients vulnerable to particulate matter that may deteriorate their health in spring and winter season, when the severity of particulate matter gets worse, to the public and the 119 emergency medical technicians is necessary. The emergency medical technicians should be able to make rapid and accurate patient evaluation and provide professional first aid by identifying the characteristics of the vulnerable groups. In addition, for prevention of the occurrence and exacerbation of symptoms caused by particulate matter, it is necessary to be equipped with the preparation and response system for high particulate matter in EMS system.

미세먼지(PM-2.5) 저감에 따른 비용편익 분석연구 : 노인요양시설을 중심으로

이채린 연세대학교 보건대학원 2021 국내석사

Pulmonary toxicity and efficacy evaluation by respiratory exposure to ultrafine particulate matter

Chen Xinyu 과학기술연합대학원대학교 안전성평가연구소 2023 국내박사

Development of accelerated PM10 attaching system using dust chamber and detaching properties of PM10 from food surface by washing methods

방봉준 중앙대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

대기오염은 고혈압, 식습관, 흡연 다음의 4번째로 인류 건강을 위협하는 요인으로 알려졌으며 현재 국가적 관심사로 대두되고 있다. 하지만 대다수의 선행연구들은 미세먼지가 호흡기에 미치는 영향에 대하여 초점을 맞추고 있으며 식품의 형태로 섭취되었을 때의 위해성은 알려지지 않았다. 본 논문은 미세먼지가 식품에 어떻게 축적되며 어느정도 세척되는지에 관하여 조사하고자 한다. 하지만 외부 환경에서 실험을 진행할 때, 미세먼지 농도가 일정하지 않으며 바람, 습도 등 다양한 변수에 의해 실험 진행이 어려웠다. 이를 극복하기 위하여 실내에서 미세먼지 환경을 인위적으로 조성할 수 있는 미세먼지 분산 시스템을 제작하는데 초점을 맞추었다. 또한 제작한 시스템을 45 통해 식품 표면의 미세먼지가 얼마나 부착되는지, 그리고 세척 후 얼마나 저감되는지를 조사하였다. 우선 미세먼지 부착 시스템에 사용하기 위하여 실제 대기 중 미세먼지를 모방한 세 종류의 모델 미세먼지를 제조하였다. 각각의 성분은 광물, 유기물, 탄화물에 대응되며 서로 다른 물리적 특성을 보였다. 광물 모델 미세먼지는 대기실험에 사용되는 표준입자인 아리조나테스트더스트를 구입하여 사용하였다. 유기물 모델 미세먼지는 탈지대두박을 제트밀 처리하여 제조하였다. 탄화물 모델 미세먼지는 볼밀 처리하여 제조하였다. 제조한 미세먼지를 분산시키기 위한 밀폐된 원통형 챔버를 제작하였다. 또한 미세먼지가 낙하하지 않고 부유하도록 챔버 하단부에서 질소가스를 주입하여 챔버 내부에 일정한 기류를 형성하였다. 챔버 내부의 미세먼지 농도는 1500㎛/m3로 국내 미세먼지 매우나쁨 기준인 150㎛/m3의 열배 농도로 가속실험을 위한 환경이 조성되었다. 해당 미세먼지 농도에서 단기간 노출 모델에서는 3.6시간, 장기간 노출 모델에서는 7.2시간 식품을 노출시켰다. 이는 식품이 미세먼지가 매우 나쁜 날 1.5일, 3일동안 노출되는 것과 같은 조건이다. 46 실험할 식품군은 20대부터 40대까지 소비자 210명을 대상으로 미세먼지에 취약할 것으로 생각되는 식품을 조사하여 선정하였다. 과일류에서는 포도, 사과를 선정하였으며 채소류에서는 깻잎, 상추를 선정하여 미세먼지를 부착시켰다. 미세먼지를 부착시킨 식품 표면을 채취하여 전자주사현미경으로 촬영한 후 표면에 부착된 미세먼지를 계수하여 구하였다. 미세먼지의 입자당 평균 질량과 전자주사현미경 사진 한 장당 면적을 이용하여 식품 표면적당 미세먼지 중량을 계산하였다. 식품 표면에 미세먼지를 부착한 후 세 가지 세척법을 적용하여 미세먼지가 얼마나 저감되는지 확인하였다. 세척법은 흐르는 물에 15초간 세척하기, 물에 5분간 담근 후 30초간 흐르는 물에 세척하기, 초음파세척기를 이용하여 5분간 세척하기의 세가지 세척법을 적용하였다. 식품이 미세먼지에 단기간 노출되었을 때 식품 표면에 평균 25㎛/cm2의 미세먼지가 부착되었으며 세척 후 평균 저감률은 72%였다. 반면 식품이 미세먼지에 장기간 노출되었을 때 식품 표면에 평균 61㎛/cm2의 미세먼지가 부착되었으며 세척 후 평균 저감률은 58%로 낮아졌다. 특히 흐르는 물에 단시간 세척하는 가정세척법의 경우 단기간 노출 시 66%의 저감률이 장기간 노출 47 시 41%로 크게 낮아졌다. 즉, 식품이 미세먼지에 일반적으로 노출되었을 때에는 흐르는 물에 세척하는 것 만으로도 충분한 세척 효과가 있지만, 고농도에서 장기간 노출되었을 경우에는 물에 담가놓은 후 세척하거나, 초음파세척을 하는 것이 효과적임을 확인하였다. high blood pressure, eating habits, and smoking which is become national concern. However, most of the preceding studies have focuse on the effect of fine dust on the respiratory tract and the risk of ingestion in the form of food is unknown. This paper aims to investigate how fine dust accumulates in food and how much it is washed. However, when the experiment was conducted in an external environment, the concentration of particulate matter was not constant and it was difficult to proceed with the experiment due to various variables such as wind and humidity. To overcome this problem, we focused on creating a particulate matter dispersion system that can artificially create a particulate matter environment indoors. In addition, it was investigated how much particulate matter on the food surface adheres through the system and how much it is reduced after washing. First, for use in the particulate matter attachment system, three types of particulate matter models that mimic particulate matter in the actual atmosphere were manufactured. Each component corresponds to minerals, organics, and carbides and showed different physical properties. Mineral model particulate matter was used by purchasing Arizona Test Dust, which is ii a standard particle used in atmospheric tests. Organic matter model particulate matter was prepared by jet milling skim soybean meal. The carbide model particulate matter was manufactured by ball milling. A sealed cylindrical chamber was manufactured to disperse the prepared particulate matter. In addition, nitrogen gas was injected from the bottom of the chamber so that fine dust does not fall and floats, thereby forming a constant airflow inside the chamber. In addition, nitrogen gas was injected from the bottom of the chamber so that fine dust does not fall and floats, thereby forming a constant airflow inside the chamber. The concentration of particulate matter inside the chamber was 1500 ųm/m3, and the environment for accelerated experiments was created with a tenfold concentration of 150 ųm/m3, which is a very bad standard for particulate matter in Korea. Food was exposed for 3.6 hours in the short-term exposure model and 7.2 hours in the long-term exposure model at the corresponding particulate matter concentration. This is the same condition that food is exposed to particulate matter for 1.5 and 3 days on very bad days. For the food group to be tested, 210 consumers in their 20s to 40s were surveyed and selected for foods thought to be vulnerable to particulate matter. Grapes and apples were selected for fruits, and sesame leaves and lettuce were selected for vegetables to attach particulate matter. iii The food surface to which particulate matter was attached was collected, photographed with an electron scanning microscope, and then the particulate matter attached to the surface was counted and calculated. The weight of particulate matter per surface area of food was calculated using the average mass per particle of particulate matter and the area per sheet of electron scanning micrograph. After attaching the particulate matter to the food surface, three washing methods were applied to find out how much fine dust was reduced. Three washing methods were applied: washing in running water for 15 seconds, immersing in water for 5 minutes, washing in running water for 30 seconds, and washing for 5 minutes using an ultrasonic cleaner. When food was exposed to fine dust for a short period of time, an average of 25 ųm/m2 of particulate matter adhered to the food surface, and the average reduction rate after washing was 72%. On the other hand, when food was exposed to fine dust for a long period of time, an average of 61 ųm/m2 of fine dust adhered to the food surface, and the average reduction rate after washing was lowered to 58%. In particular, in the case of the home washing method, which is washed in running water for a short time, the reduction rate of 66% when exposed for a short period of time decreased to 41% when exposed for a long period of iv time. That is, when food is generally exposed to particulate matter, washing in flowing water has sufficient cleaning effect, but when exposed to high concentration for a long period of time, washing after immersion in water or ultrasonic cleaning is effective.

Prevention and reduction technology for particulate matter via precursor gas removal and electrostatic precipitation assisted by non-thermal plasma

강명수 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2021 국내박사

최근 대기 중 미세먼지는 전 세계적인 주요 환경 이슈 중 하나로 관심을 받고 있다. 특히, 미세먼지 중 2.5 µm 미만의 크기를 갖는 PM 2.5 는 쉽게 호흡기를 통해 체내로 유입되어 각종 호흡기질환 등 다양한 질병을 유발할 수 있어 미세 입자 저감 기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 발생원에 따라 미세먼지는 크게 일차 미세먼지와 이차 미세먼지의 두 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 일차 미세먼지는 입자 상태로 대기중에 직접 배출되는 미세먼지를 의미하며, 회분 (Fly Ash), 블랙 카본 (Soot), 유기 탄소 (Organic Carbon) 등이 대표적이다. 반면 이차 미세먼지의 경우 산업시설로부터 배출되는 미세먼지 전구체 가스 (NOx, SO2)가 대기중에서 암모니아(NH3) 등과 반응하여 생성되는 미세먼지로 주로 황산암모늄 혹은 질산암모늄의 형태로 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 미세먼지의 기원에 따라 두 가지 방법을 이용하여 미세먼지 저감을 수행하였다. 첫 번째로 미세먼지의 전구체가 되는 가스 (NOx, SO2) 를 제거하여 미세먼지의 발생을 방지하는 기술을 연구하였고, 그 다음으로 배출된 미세먼지를 전기 집진방식을 이용하여 제거하는 기술에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 Chapter 2 의 미세먼지 발생 방지기술 (NOx, SO2 제거) 와 Chapter 3 의 미세먼지 제거기술 (전기 집진) 로 구성하였다. Chapter 2의 전반부에서는 오존을 이용한 NOx, SO2 의 산화와 NaOH 수용액을 이용한 습식 저감 방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 유전체 장벽 방전 (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) 플라즈마 반응기를 이용하여 오존을 발생시키고, 오존을 가스 유로에 주입하면 혼합가스 내의NO 가 더 반응성이 높은 NO2 의 상태로 산화된다. 이렇게 산화된 NO2 와 SO2 를 NaOH 수용액이 분사되는 습식 스크러버에 주입하면 NO2 와 SO2 가스가 NaOH 와 반응하여 수용액 내로 흡수된다. 본 연구에서는 O3 주입량에 따른 NOx, SO2 저감 효율 변화 특성과, 이와 관련된 화학 반응에 대하여 생성물 분석 (가스 분석, Ion Chromatography, X-Ray Diffraction, FT-IR) 을 통하여 고찰하였다. 연구 결과 NOx 의 경우 약 60 % 정도 NO2 로 산화 되었을 때 저감 효율이 최대로 나타났고 이는 Trivalent N species (N2O3 및 HNO2) 와 NaOH 의 빠른 반응속도 때문에 일어나는 현상으로 판단된다. 또한 SO2 농도가 높아질수록 NOx 저감 효율이 높아지는 현상이 관찰되었는데, 이는 NaOH 에 의한 SO2 저감 반응의 생성물인 Na2SO3 가 NO2 를 제거하는 특성이 있기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 판단된다. 흡수 용액의 pH 및 온도에 따른 NOx, SO2 저감효율 또한 고찰하였다. NOx 의 경우 온도가 낮을수록, pH 가 높을수록 저감 효율이 확연히 높아지는 현상을 확인하였으나, SO2 의 경우 온도와 pH 에 상대적으로 덜 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 SO2 의 경우 물에 대한 용해도가 매우 높아, 고온 및 낮은 pH 조건에서도 저감 반응아 원활하게 일어나기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. Chpter 2 의 후반부에서는 오존을 이용한 NOx, SO2 의 산화 및 NH3 가스를 이용한 건식 NOx, SO2 저감 공정에 대해 고찰하였다. O3 에 의해 산화된 NO2 와 SO2 에 NH3 가스를 주입하면 연소가스 내에 포함되어있는 수분과 NH3 의 반응에 의해 SO2 가 (NH4)2SO3 및 (NH4)2SO4 입자로 전환되어 제거된다. 이 때 NO2 의 경우 SO2 저감 반응 생성물인 (NH4)2SO3 입자와 반응하여 N2 로 환원되어 제거된다. 본 연구에서는 O3 주입량, SO2 농도, NH3 공급량에 따른 NOx, SO2 저감 효율을 고찰하였으며 생성되는 입자의 직경 및 조성에 대한 고찰을 수행하였다. 실험을 통해 NH3 가스에 의해 SO2 가 입자로 전환되어 저감 되는 것을 확인하였으며, NOx, SO2 모두 O3 주입량 및 NH3 주입량이 증가할수록 저감 효율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 O3 주입량이 증가할수록 NO 와 SO2 가 반응성이 더 높은 NO2 및 SO3 로 산화되기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 판단된다. NOx, SO2 저감에 의해 발생하는 입자는 실시간 입자 계측 및 SEM 이미지 분석 결과 약 2 μm 의 평균 입경을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며 후단의 전기 집진기에 의해 99.9% 이상의 높은 효율로 포집 되었다. 생성 입자에 대한 화학 조성 분석 결과 SO2 는 (NH4)2SO3 및 (NH4)2SO4 입자로, NO2 는 N2 가스로 전환되어 제거되는 것을 확인하였다. Chapter 3 에서는 전기 집진을 이용한 유분 입자의 포집 및 분해 기술에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 전기집진장치는 코로나 방전을 이용하여 입자를 하전하고 정전기적 인력에 의해 포집 하는 장치로, 낮은 차압으로 매우 높은 집진 효율을 구현할 수 있는 장점이 있었지만, 성능 유지를 위해 전극의 주기적 분해 및 세척을 필요로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 유전체 장벽 방전 (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) 을 이용하여 전극에 집진 된 유분 입자를 제거하여 유지 관리가 편리한 전기 집진 장치에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 엇갈린 형태의 선형 패턴 전극을 갖는 입자 포집 전극을 설계하였으며 실험실 규모 포집 장치를 이용한 입자 집진 실험을 수행하였다. 직류 고전압 (-5 kV) 이 인가될 때 1.5 m/s 의 유속에서 최대 93.25 % 의 집진 효율을 얻었다 (230 nm 입자에 대해). 유전체 장벽 방전을 이용한 유분 입자 분해에서는 5 kHz 의 주파수를 갖는 4.5 kVRMS 교류 전원을 인가했을 때 60분 간 96.4% 의 분해 효율을 얻었으며, 인가 주파수가 높을수록 유분 입자 분해 효율이 높게 나타났다. 이는 인가 주파수가 높을 때 방전 전류가 높게 나타나는 유전체 장벽 방전의 특성 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 판단된다. 분해된 유분 입자의 80 % 이상이 CO 와 CO2 로 전환되었으며 그 외의 일부 부산물은 입자 형태로 배출되었다. 인가 주파수가 높을수록 유분 입자의 분해 효율은 높아졌지만, 부산물 입자 생성량 또한 높아졌다. 이는 인가 주파수가 높을 경우 방전 전류가 높아 유분 입자의 증발이 빠르게 일어나고 높은 농도의 유증기가 대기중에서 빠르게 응축되어 입자 형태로 배출되기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 판단된다. 실험실 규모 연구 결과를 기반으로 Bench-scale 의 장치를 제작하였으며 이를 이용한 Field Test 를 수행하였다. 고농도의 유분 입자가 발생하는 직화구이 음식점에서의 Field Test 결과 약 8시간 동안 90% 이상의 높은 집진효율을 유지하는 것을 확인하였으며, 유전체 장벽 방전에 의해 전극 표면에 집진 된 유분이 분해되어 제거되는 현상을 확인하였다. Recently, particulate matter emission to atmosphere is one of major environmental issue worldwide. Depending on the source, particulate matter can be largely divided into two. One is Primary aerosol and the other is Secondary aerosol. Primary aerosol is a substance that is directly discharged from the source in the form of particles, such as soot, fly ash, and organic carbon. Secondary aerosol is particulate matter generated in the atmosphere from gaseous substances that become fine dust precursors. Common particulate matter precursors are NOx and SO2, which are mainly generated from fossil fuel combustion. NOx and SO2 can react with NH3 by sunlight in the atmosphere to produce secondary aerosol (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate). Therefore, removal technology for NOx and SO2 is important for the prevention of particulate matter. Conventionally, SCR was used for NOx removal device and wet scrubbing was used for SO2 removal. However, these separated process for NOx and SO2 removal requires large space and this causes higher operating cost of the process. Therefore, in the chapter 2 of this thesis, simultaneous removal process for NOx and SO2 was suggested by ozone oxidation and wet/dry reduction technology. For the primary aerosol, electrostatic precipitation (ESP) has been widely used because of its high collection efficiency with low pressure drop. However, by the long-term operation of ESP, electrode requires regular cleaning to prevent any electrical/mechanical failure of the device caused by particle deposition. Therefore, in the chapter 3 of this thesis, electrostatic precipitator with capable of particle collection and decomposition was suggested by using 2 kinds of non-thermal plasma (corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge). In the Chapter 2, prevention technology for particulate matter via precursor gas (NOx and SO2) was addressed. The former part of Chapter 2 consists of gas phase oxidation of NO, SO2 and subsequent wet removal of those gases via NaOH (aq). For the gas phase oxidation, O3 was supplied to the gas mixture and NO was oxidized to NO2. Following the gas phase oxidation, wet scrubbing with NaOH solution was conducted at the lab scale packed-bed scrubber. Although this process has been widely studied in the literature, no study discussed the effect of SO2 on NO oxidation by ozone and NOx reduction by alkali absorbent. Therefore, in our study, more focus was given to the effect of SO2 on NOx removal process. Reaction path at various inlet gas conditions was determined by gaseous species analysis (NO, NO2 and SO2) at different conditions by varying the amount of ozone injection and SO2 concentration. To validate the proposed reaction path, Ion chromatography and X-ray diffraction was conducted on the used absorbent. In the absence of SO2 in the flue gas, the injection of ozone at 60% with respect to the NO concentration in the flue gas results in maximum NOx removal efficiency. This was attributed from trivalent N species (N2O3 and HNO2) formation and their fast absorption to the NaOH solution. In the presence of SO2 with 1000 ppm, the ozone concentration should be increased to 90% of the NO concentration in the flue gas to maximize the NOx removal efficiency. A higher SO2 concentration leads to greater NOx removal efficiency. This was explained by SO2 scrubbing product, Na2SO3 undergoes side reaction removing NO2. The result of Ion chromatography showed good agreement with proposed reaction path. Effect of pH and temperature on NOx and SO2 removal efficiency was also discussed. Higher pH and Lower temperature enhances NOx removal efficiency whereas SO2 was not relatively sensitive to the pH and temperature. In the latter part of Chapter 2, SO2 and NOx were removed via ozone and ammonia injection. The effect of inlet gas conditions and temperature on SO2 and NOx removal were investigated. Reaction mechanisms in the removal process were discussed using various chemical analyses on products. Moreover, the size of the product particle was analyzed with on-line particle analysis and SEM images. The SO2 removal efficiency was generally higher than NOx removal efficiency, which was caused by easier nucleation of SO2 from supersaturated H2SO4 condensation. By increasing SO2 concentration, NOx removal efficiency remarkably increased. This was caused by the product of SO2 removal ((NH4)2SO3). Most of the NO2 was reduced to N2 by reacting with (NH4)2SO3. Product particle of SO2 and NOx removal had a diameter of 2 μm, and 99.9% of product particle could be collected by subsequent electrostatic precipitator. In the Chapter 3, collection and decomposition of particulate Matter (Oil mist) via corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge was conducted. Oil mist emitted during the cooking is one of major sources of atmospheric particulate matter in the urban area. Conventional electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is used in some of large restaurants. This ESP requires regular electrode cleaning to maintain particle collection performance, however, oil mist generated during the cooking is viscous and difficult to be cleaned with water. Herein, we introduce a methodology and also a device of cleaning the collected oil mist using surface dielectric barrier discharge (surface-DBD) plasma. Similar to a conventional ESP, our device uses corona discharge for collection of oil mist. Then the oil mist collected is decomposed to gas phase species by surface-DBD plasma. The maximum collection efficiency of 93.25% (for 230 nm di ethyl hexyl sebacate (DEHS) particle) was obtained at the flow velocity of 1.5 m/s when a DC -5 kV was applied to the collector. The oil mist decomposition efficiency was the maximum as 96.4% when an AC power source with 5 kHz frequency and 4.5 kV RMS voltage was applied. More than 80 % of the decomposed oil mist was converted to CO2 and CO in all test conditions. Some of byproducts other than CO and CO2 were released as particles. Higher frequency resulted in higher oil mist decomposition efficiency but also higher byproduct formation of particles. The size and concentrations of the particles was analyzed by using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The mechanism of oil mist decomposition by surface-DBD plasma was discussed with optical emission spectroscopy data. Along the contents in this thesis, prevention technology for particulate matter via precursor gas (NOx, SO2) removal and reduction technology for the particulate matter via novel electrostatic precipitation were addressed. From the results described in this thesis, comprehensive solution for particulate matter reduction can be suggested.

호흡기 환자들의 미세먼지와 관련된 건강관리 행위에 영향을 미치는 요인

함주희 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

There has been increasing interest in the effects of particulate matter on health recently. Patients with pulmonary disease, who are most vulnerable, should focus on health behaviors against particulate matter to reduce negative impacts but studies on this topic were not performed actively. Therefore, this study aims to investigate risk perception, knowledge, health behaviors related to particulate matter of patients with pulmonary disease, and to identify the factors affecting particulate matter related health behaviors. A descriptive study was conducted. Participants were 201 outpatients with pulmonary disease who visited the outpatient clinic in S hospital located in Seoul. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and medical records from December, 2019 to February, 2020. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 24.0 program. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The mean score for risk perception related to particulate matter was 57.36±6.51, knowledge related to particulate matter was 6.15±1.51, and health behaviors related to particulate matter was 22.79±4.43 2) The score of health behaviors related to particulate matter was significantly higher in female (p<.001), who do not work (p=.001), who were diagnosed with pulmonary disease more than 1 year (p<.001) and who do not currently smoke (p<.001). 3) Health behaviors related to particulate matter was positively correlated with risk perception related to particulate matter(r=.490, p<.001) and knowledge related to particulate matter(r=.147, p=.037). Moreover, Health behaviors related to particulate matter had significant positive correlation with attention(r=.449, p<.001), severity(r=.347, p<.001), health affect(r=.352, p<.001) which are risk perception subdomains. 4) Results of multiple regression analysis identified that risk perception related to particulate matter, duration of diagnosis of respiratory disease, gender, and smoking history were significant predictors of particulate matter related health behaviors of patients with pulmonary disease, and these variables accounted for 36.1% of variance of particulate matter related health behaviors of patients with pulmonary disease. The level of health behaviors related to particulate matter was higher in participants who had a higher risk perception of particulate matter (p<.001), who were female (p=.035), and who were diagnosed with pulmonary disease longer (p=.004). Moreover, participants who smoked before but not currently (p<.001), and who had never smoked (p=.001) had a higher level of health behaviors related to particulate matter than people who smoke. In conclusion, patients with pulmonary disease in this study reported relatively high risk perception related to particulate matter but their knowledge related to particulate matter was not high. Especially, their knowledge was not sufficient in health impacts and health behaviors related to particulate matter. Although they reported high level of overall health behaviors related to particulate matter, their performance on health behaviors related to particulate matter that required knowledge was insufficient. Therefore, to improve perception and knowledge related to particulate matter a patient tailored educational program is needed for patients with pulmonary disease. Also, it will be helpful to focus on educating patients, who are male, smoker, and have short period of pulmonary disease, since their health behaviors of particulate matter are relatively lower than others. 최근 미세먼지가 건강에 미치는 영향에 관심이 증가하고 있다. 호흡기 환자들은 미세먼지에 더 취약한 집단으로 미세먼지로부터의 부정적 영향을 최소화하기 위해서는 건강관리 행위가 중요하나, 아직까지 호흡기 환자들의 건강관리 행위에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 호흡기 환자들의 미세먼지에 대한 인식, 지식, 건강관리 행위를 파악하고, 그들의 미세먼지 건강관리 행위에 영향을 끼치는 요인을 조사하였다. 본 연구는 서술적 조사연구로, 연구대상자는 서울 소재 일개 상급종합병원의 외래에 내원한 호흡기 환자 201명이었다. 자료는 자가보고형 설문지와 의무기록을 사용하여 수집하였으며, 자료수집 기간은 2019년 12월부터 2020년 2월까지였다, 수집한 자료는 SPSS 24.0 프로그램을 사용하여, 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA. 피어슨 상관계수, 다중회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식은 평균 57.36±6.51점, 미세먼지에 대한 지식은 평균 6.15±1.51점, 미세먼지 건강관리 행위는 평균 22.79±4.43점이었다. 2) 미세먼지 건강관리 행위는 여성(p<.001), 직업이 없는 대상자(p=.001), 호흡기질환 진단 기간이 1년이상인 대상자(p<.001), 현재 흡연을 안 하는 대상자(p<.001)인 경우에 점수가 높았다. 3) 미세먼지와 관련된 건강관리 행위는 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식과(r=.490, p<.001), 미세먼지에 대한 지식(r=.147, p=.037)과 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 또한 미세먼지 관련 건강관리 행위는 미세먼지 인식의 하부영역인 관심(r=.449, p<.001), 심각성(r=.347, p<.001), 체감도(r=.352, p<.001)와 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 4) 호흡기 환자의 미세먼지 관련 건강관리 행위에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위한 회귀분석 결과, 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식, 성별, 호흡기질환 진단 기간, 흡연력이 유의한 변수로 나타났으며, 이들 변수가 미세먼지 관련 건강관리 행위 변이의 36.1%를 설명하였다. 호흡기 환자들은 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식이 높을수록(p<.001), 여성(p=.035), 호흡기질환 진단 기간이 긴 대상자(p=.004), 현재 흡연자보다는 과거에 흡연을 하였으나 현재 금연을 하는 대상자나(p<.001) 흡연을 한 적 없는 대상자(p=.001)가 건강관리 행위를 잘 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 호흡기 환자들은 미세먼지 위험에 대한 인식은 비교적 높았으나 지식 정도는 높지 않았다. 특히 미세먼지 지식 중 미세먼지 건강 영향과 건강관리 행위에 대해 지식이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 미세먼지 관련 건강관리 행위는 잘하고 있는 편으로 나타났으나 미세먼지 건강관리 행위에 대한 지식이 필요한 항목에서는 수행률이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 미세먼지 관련 인식과 지식을 높일 수 있는 호흡기 환자들을 위한 맞춤형 교육 프로그램의 개발이 요구되며, 특히 미세먼지 건강관리 행위가 낮은 남성, 흡연자, 호흡기 질환 진단 기간이 짧은 대상자들에게 더 주의를 기울여 교육을 해야 할 것으로 보인다.

미세먼지 계절관리제 시행에 따른 PM2.5 배출저감량 산정

장혜지 수원대학교 2021 국내석사

Particulate matter was ranked among the Group 1 Carcinogens by IARC(International Agency for Research on Cancer) in 2013. The Korean government has constantly attempted to establish policies of decreasing particulate matter since 2013 as particulate matter (PM) air pollution becomes an issue of concern, and also controlled PM by enacting ‘Special Act on the Reduction and Management of Particulate Matter’ since December 15 in 2019. Also, Emergency Particulate Matter Reduction Measures was issued when there is the high concentration of particulate matter in the city. And Particulate Seasonal Management is taken along with enhanced reduction policies of the particulate matter concentration from December to next March, when high PM episodes are expected. The purpose of this study is to estimate the emission reduction by the implementation of Particulate Seasonal Management. The PM2.5 emission reduction of 6 measures by Particulate Seasonal Management was estimated as follows, 156 ton/4months from Upper Limit of Coal Power Generation and Suspension of Operation, 139 ton/4months from Old Diesel Vehicle Control, 2 ton/4months from Old Diesel Vehicle Control during Emergency Particulate Matter Reduction Measures (December 10~11), 8 ton/4months from Odd-even Driving Restriction from public sector, 24 ton/4months from Street Sweepers and 382 ton/4months from Control of Illegal Open Burning. In addition to these, emission reduction from other sources except for these 6 measures were calculated by applying PM2.5 emission reduction from Ministry of Environment(ME). In consequence, the total amount of emission reduction estimated about 3,741 ton/4months. Assuming that the monthly amount of emission by CAPSS is constant during 2017, the PM2.5 emission has been estimated at 30,577 ton/4months. Also, the emission reduction by Particulate Seasonal Management was estimated to decrease by 12.2 % compared to CAPSS in 2017. The PM air pollutant concentration nationwide was estimated to decrease by about 31.3 % for PM10 and 27.9 % for PM2.5 compared to the same period of last year. The decrease of the economic and social activities due to Covid-19 has affected the emission reduction of particulate to some extent. Finally, additional emission reduction effects should be expanded by the government policies with cost-effectiveness and priority. These results can be used to accelerate the domestic emission reduction policies.

Control of Condensable Particulate Matter in Coal Combustion Gas

Park, Jeong Min 충북대학교 2022 국내박사