(The) Effects of Cognitive Linguistics-Based Instruction on Learning, Transferability, and Perception of English Phrasal Verbs for Korean High School Learners

김재경 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

The present study attempted to examine the effects of cognitive linguistics (CL)-based instruction on Korean high school students’ learning of English phrasal verbs, transferability to novel phrasal verbs along with the retention for both. The study administered several tests regarding student’s knowledge of English phrasal verbs, and students’ perceptions of English phrasal verb learning were also investigated through an in-depth interview. To date, there has been a growing body of literature on the cognitive linguistics-based teaching for vocabulary, but adopting this approach for phrasal verb instruction has yielded inconsistent results in most of the seminal studies (Kovecses & Szabo, 1996; Boers, 2000; Condon, 2008; Yasuda, 2010). The current study intended to fill this research gap, and since Korean students’ L1 is distinctly different from English, it may provide useful insights for applying CL approach to teaching phrasal verbs to EFL students whose native language falls in different typology from English. In this study, twenty-eight second-year students at a public high school in Korea participated, and the students were divided into the experimental and control groups. Each group had two lesson sessions: the first session consisted of the pre-test, instruction, and the immediate post-test, while the second session was approximately twelve days later involving delayed post-test and the interview for eight selected students. The experimental group received a cognitive linguistics-based explanation on the taught phrasal verbs with cognitive concepts and image schema based on the particles, whereas the control group received a list of phrasal verbs in alphabetical order, which was explained with example sentences, Korean translation, and equivalent English words. With respect to the learning of taught phrasal verbs, an ANCOVA revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups, suggesting that the effect of CL-based instruction is not significantly more effective than that of the control group. Regarding the transferability to novel phrasal verbs, there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups, suggesting the beneficial effect of CL-based teaching on knowledge transfer. As for the lasting effect of instructional treatments on learning and transferring, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Nonetheless, different patterns shown from the within-group comparison demonstrated that the learning of the taught phrasal verbs in the experimental group continued with statistical significance while it did not in the control group. Moreover, the increased mean score of the delayed post-test in the experimental group and the decreased score in the control group manifested different influence of the instructions. Students’ interview responses from the experimental group revealed enhanced awareness for the phrasal verbs and positive attitude towards the instruction. These findings have some pedagogical implication of the potential benefits of implementing cognitive linguistics approach to teaching phrasal verbs in the Korean EFL context. However, when applied in class, several elements should be considered, such as the long duration of the lessons, image schema suitable for students’ better understanding, and the learners’ proficiency level. 본 연구는 인지언어학적 접근의 교수법이 한국 고등학생들의 영어 구동사 학습과 학습의 지속성에 주는 영향을 분석하고자 하였으며 구동사 학습과 지도에 대한 학생들의 인식 또한 조사하였다. 지금까지 인지언어학에 근거한 어휘 교육 관련 문헌이 늘어나고 있지만, 이 접근법을 구동사 교수법에 적용한 주요 연구들은 일치하지 않는 결과를 보인다 (Kovecses & Szabo, 1996; Boers, 2000; Condon, 2008; Yasuda, 2010). 본 연구는 이러한 상이한 연구들에 추가적인 표본을 제시하고, 나아가 영어와 확연히 다른 L1을 사용하는 한국인 학생들을 포함함으로 영어와 다른 유형의 모국어를 갖는 다양한 EFL 학생들 대상의 인지언어학적 기반 구동사 지도의 유용한 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국 공립 고등학교 2 학년 28 명이 참가했으며 학생들은 실험 집단과 대조 집단에 배정되었다. 각 집단은 두 번의 모임을 가졌으며 첫 번째 모임은 사전 검사, 구동사 강의 및 인접 사후 검사로, 두 번째 모임은 지연 사후 검사와 8명의 선발 된 학생들을 대상으로 한 면담으로 구성되었다. 대조 집단은 알파벳 순서로 구성된 구동사 목록을 받고 한국어 번역과 동의어, 예문 설명을 들은 반면 실험 집단에게는 첨사(particle) 위주로 분류된 구동사 목록, 이미지 도식과 함께 첨사에 대한 인지적 개념 설명이 제공되었다. 배운 구동사 학습에 대한 ANCOVA 결과에 따르면 두 집단 간의 유의미한 차이는 드러나지 않았으며 이는 실험 집단의 인지언어학 기반 교수법이 대조군의 교수법보다 학습에 보다 큰 도움을 주지는 않았음을 보여준다. 새로운 구동사로의 전이에 관하여서는 실험 집단과 대조 집단 간의 차이가 통계적으로 유의미했으며, 이는 인지언어학적 지도가 새로운 구동사의 의미를 유추하는데에 미치는 긍정적인 효과를 보여준다. 두 교수법이 학습과 전이에 갖는 지속적 효과에 대하여서는 그룹 간의 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 하지만 각 그룹 내의 비교에서 실험 집단만이 배운 구동사에 대한 학습이 통계적 유의성을 가지고 지속되었다. 또한 지연 사후 검사에서 실험 집단의 평균 점수는 오른 반면 대조 집단의 평균 점수는 떨어졌으며 이는 두 집단의 서로 다른 교수법이 상이한 효과를 가졌음을 드러낸다. 실험 집단 학생들의 면담에서는 구동사에 대한 인식이 더욱 향상되었고 지도에 대해서도 긍정적인 태도를 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 인지언어학적 접근의 교수법으로 구동사를 가르칠 때의 잠재적 이점을 제시하며 교육적 함의를 지닌다. 그러나 수업에 적용 할 때에는 충분히 긴 수업 기간, 학생들의 보다 쉬운 이해와 함께 개인의 능숙도에 적합한 도식 등의 사항들이 충분히 고려되어야 할 것이다. 이러한 쟁점들은 앞으로의 연구를 위한 제안으로 제시될 수 있다고 사료된다.

(The) Effects of Instruction Based on Cognitive Linguistic Approach on Korean EFL Students’ Learning of English Phrasal Verbs

고수현 서울대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사

This study explored the effects of instruction based on cognitive linguistic approach on Korean EFL middle school students’ learning of phrasal verbs in terms of two aspects: recollecting learned phrasal verbs and deducing the meanings of new phrasal verbs, and examined if cognitive linguistic approach had an effect on test takers’ performance according to their proficiency level. Sixty two third graders in public middle school in Seoul, Korea, participated in the experiment and they were divided into three groups: concept-based instruction group, verbalization-based instruction group, and memorization-based instruction group. The first two groups were instructed based on cognitive linguistic approach while the only difference between them was the presence of SCOBA (Schema of a Complete Orienting Basis of an Action). The last group was instructed based on memorization and practice. The results were analyzed based on a pre-test, an immediate post-test, and a delayed post-test. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the respective instruction groups with regard to remembering the learned phrasal verbs even though they performed differently over time. Also, when it comes to learning new phrasal verbs, cognitive linguistic approach groups outperformed the other group both in the immediate post-test and the delayed post-test. However, the performance of the three groups differed statistically only in the immediate post-test while there was no significant difference in the delayed post-test. Furthermore, greater difference among instructional groups was found in the particular particle usage in the immediate post-test. Lastly, the effect of instructions based on cognitive linguistic approach varied depending on the proficiency level. Advanced learners in instructional groups based on cognitive linguistics performed statistically better than the other students in terms of learned phrasal verbs, which was not the case for the new items. Intermediate learners did not show any difference between the three instruction types in either recollecting instructed items or understanding uninstructed items. On the other hand, low proficient learners showed no significant difference among the instructional groups in terms of learned items, whereas the students in cognitive linguistics-based groups outperformed the other students with respect to new phrasal verbs and it was statistically significant. These findings suggest the possibility of implementing instruction based on cognitive linguistic approach. To be more specific, in spite of the mixed result of the effect of cognitive linguistic approach, it is still applicable in Korean EFL context as shown in the successful transfer of the conceptual understanding to new phrasal verbs in the immediate post-test. In addition, both advanced learners and beginners benefit from cognitive linguistics-based approach when recollecting learned phrasal verbs and deducing meanings of unknown items, respectively. When implementing instruction based on cognitive linguistic approach, there are several things to take into account for the successful use of this approach. Linguistic and cognitive ability of the target students should be considered so that the materials are not too difficult to understand and internalize. Moreover, the SCOBA for the target students should be adjusted so that it is not too abstract or over-burdening for them. Key Words: cognitive linguistic approach, phrasal verbs, Korean EFL learners, SCOBA, linguistic and cognitive ability Student Number: 2015-23167

Cultic Constructions: A Visual Construction Grammar Approach to the Cult of Personality in Fascist Italy and Communist Romania

Bekowies, Zachary K University of California, Berkeley ProQuest Disser 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examines cults of personality from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Focusing on the cults of Benito Mussolini of Fascist Italy (in power 1922-1943) and Nicolae Ceausescu of communist Romania (in power 1965-1989), it offers a novel framework for understanding and accounting for longstanding observations regarding such cults' expressly communicative nature (see e.g. Wedeen 1999; Leese 2007; Marquez 2020; Postoutenko 2022) grounded in an adaptation of Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006, 2019; Hoffmann & Trousdale 2013). At its core, Construction Grammar views the entirety of language to be made up of constructions, which are understood as "conventionalized pairings of form and function" that are stored and organized in an interrelated, hierarchical, mental 'constructional' network (Goldberg 2006: 1). Although originally devised specifically with human language in mind, Construction Grammar has recently been applied to broader swaths of communication and semiosis beyond language 'proper' such as co-speech gesture, image-text configurations, and other patterns that highlight the frequently multimodal nature of human interaction (see e.g. Steen & Turner 2013; Dancygier & Vandelanotte 2017a; Hoffmann 2017b, 2021; Zima & Bergs 2017a,b; Turner 2020, 2022). Aligning itself with such recent extensions, this dissertation considers cultic production (e.g. various conceptually-structured and materially-manifested representations of both Mussolini and Ceausescu) to constitute cultic constructions that, although operating across communicative modalities, nevertheless often take shape visually in the form of images. To this end, this study explores the possibility of expanding the constructionist enterprise to include not only linguistic or multimodal but also specifically visual constructions into its theoretical apparatus.Within the present approach, such constructions are taken as the basis for all cultic semiosis and communicativity, which are here analyzed and accounted for across a range of artifacts relating to Mussolini's and Ceausescu's cults - referred to here as 'cult constructs' - that encompass many different 'kinds' of cult production: official, regime-sanctioned or -produced constructs (e.g. monuments, official photographs, portraits, posters, etc.), unofficial, subversive constructs (e.g. jokes, caricatures, parodies, and ironies at the leaders' expense), and also constructs that evince the 'afterlives' of both leaders' cults (i.e. representations that appear today or have appeared in recent years, long after both cults have ceased to dominate public discourse). In this way, and in line with fundamental Construction Grammar principles, it presents a usage-based approach to cult structuration, organization, and manifestation in which cultic communication emerges dynamically both 'from above' and 'from below,' as well as in their interaction and even once the cult itself has ceased to officially 'operate.'Various themes central to cult communicativity are explored across this dissertation's seven chapters. The first two chapters serve as introductions and overviews, with Chapter 1 addressing cults of personality and their communicative dimensions (as well as providing an introduction to the study as a whole) and Chapter 2 supplying a concise overview of key terms, theories, and ideas from cognitive linguistics that are deployed throughout the subsequent chapters. Chapters 3-5 then present cognitive-linguistic and constructionist analyses of particularly salient aspects of Mussolini's and Ceausescu's cults, including the emergence of the multifaceted, polysemous image of both leaders within their respective cult networks (Chapter 3), the pivotal role that conceptual metonymy plays in their cults' structuration (Chapter 4), and the peculiar manipulation and appropriation of past, present, and future time into both of their cults (Chapter 5). Throughout these chapters, various cultic constructions are posited and explained based on a range of presented (predominantly) visual data, which are often discussed and compared between the two cult contexts in question.While each of the cult constructs analyzed in Chapters 3-5 constitutes a representation of Mussolini or Ceausescu largely disseminated 'from above,' Chapter 6 then highlights the dialogic nature of cult communicativity and analyzes the subversive reappropriation and redeployment of these representations 'from below' as instances of creative conceptual transference based in particular cultic constructions (e.g. Mussolini's Caesarian pretensions, Ceausescu's so-called Epoca de Aur 'golden age'). These redeployments are taken as evidence that, even if one might not 'believe' in the content of a particular cultic representation (e.g. Mussolini's exceptional virility or Ceausescu's avowed ordinariness), they are still entrenched in individuals' minds and socially conventionalized by virtue of their frequent dissemination-cum-exposure so as to (come to) constitute particular, cult-specific constructions. Such reproductions, it is argued, in taking a semantically adulating form and recasting (or, in the present framework, reblending) it as a subversive one (while still largely maintaining that same form), demonstrate the remarkable constructional polysemy that characterizes the semantic structure of personality cults as a form of what I refer to as multimodal-yet-hypervisual 'authoritative discourse' (Bakhtin 1994). Chapter 7 then concludes with a consideration of the two cults' afterlives both in the immediate aftermaths of their respective leaders' falls from power and in their continued vitality in the present day, opening up questions each into cultic communication, emergence, and evolution, into methods for researching visual and multimodal communication within cognitive linguistics at large, and into the nature of possible 'visual constructions' and what they might entail.Finally, it should be noted that this project in its totality presents a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach to the study not only of personality cult phenomena, production, and communication but also of broader forms of visual and multimodal semiosis. That is, while the principal framework of examination is supplied by cognitive linguistics (and related disciplines such as cognitive science, psychology, and philosophy), this dissertation and its approach also draw heavily on findings and theories from anthropology, visual culture, political science, literary theory, and history. Consequently, alongside hallmark cognitive-linguistic theories such as Construction Grammar, Frame Semantics (see e.g. Fillmore 1982, 1985), Conceptual Blending Theory (see e.g. Fauconnier & Turner 2002; Turner 2014), and Conceptual Metonymy Theory (see e.g. Kovecses & Radden 1998; Barcelona, Pannain & Blanco-Carrion 2018), several other important contributions to language, communication, and semiotics such as performativity (Austin 1962), citationality (Derrida 1988), and Bakhtin's aforementioned 'authoritative discourse' - and many studies that have followed in their wakes - are brought in to enrich, complement, and nuance the 'cognitive-universal' side of things (e.g. perception, memory, salience, usage and frequency effects, semantic frames, conceptual entrenchment, etc.) with the 'culture-specific' side (e.g. historical or ideological particularities, political and societal structures, various [visual-]cultural considerations, questions of media and reproduction, etc.). It is argued throughout that this kind of blended theoretical approach is essential for capturing the full potential and extent of personality cult communicativity.

중한 법률 번역 경로 구축 방법 연구 : 인지언어학 프레임 중심으로

정매 한국외국어대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, with the gradual expansion of the exchanges between the two countries in various aspects, the study of law has become an indispensable part. In order to protect the safety of property and life of the people of the two countries and promote the exchanges in the fields of culture and economy, this paper explores the construction method of legal translation path with the frame theory of cognitive linguistics. The chapter1 explains the necessity and purpose of this study, and through the introduction of cognitive linguistics and its frame theory, proved that it is suitable for the study of legal translation. According to the research, the combination of cognitive linguistics frame and legal translation has great exploration space. In order to explore the frame of legal translation, I analyzed the basic structures of the frame of cognitive linguistics in the chapter2. The basic structures of the cognitive linguistics frame include attribute-values, structural invariants, constraints. Corresponding to the legal translation frame, the attributes of the legal translation frame are legal language and legal translator, the structural invariants of the legal translation frame is the legal language environment, and the constraints of the legal translation frame is the legal translation path. After that the author explains the hierarchical of cognitive linguistics, and based on that further subdivides the basic components of legal translation frame. So far, the legal translation frame has taken shape. The translation path of legal translation frame is the path that directs the equivalence between its subframes. In the third chapter, the author analyzes the reasons why it is difficult to construct a Chinese-Korean legal translation path. Based on the analysis results of the second chapter, this chapter mainly analyzes the mismatch between the subframes of Chinese-Korean legal translation frame, so as to explain the difficulties in building translation paths. Then went to the chapter4, based on the analysis in Chapter3, this paper puts forward the construction method of Chinese-Korean legal translation path. According to the basic structures of legal translation frame, the author analyzes the construction methods of Chinese-Korean legal translation path from three aspects, which are legal language and legal translator and legal language environment. In general, if we want to build a translation path, we need to sort out the differences between the two frames, on this basis, we should presuppose an upper frame that we can make the two frames correspond to a certain extent, and deepen the upper frame layer by layer until we find a level that we can make them correspond completely. Chapter5 summarizes the results of the study, and delineates it”s limitations and expectation. 본 연구는 Barsalou의 인지언어학 프레임과 관련된 시각에서 출발하여 중한 법률 번역의 경로를 구축하는 방법에 대하여 탐구하였다. 우선, 1장에서는 한중 양국의 교류 현황을 설명하며 중한 법률 번역 연구의 필요성을 제시하였다. 또한 인지언어학의 프레임이론에 대한 소개를 토대로 인지언어학의 프레임이론이 법률 번역 연구에 적합하다는 것을 증명하려고 하였다. 2장에서는 본논문의 기초가 되는 바탕 이론에 대하여 설명하였다. 인지언어학 프레임의 기본구성을 밝힌 후, 법률 번역 프레임의 기본구성에 대하여 설명하였다. 법률 번역 프레임의 기본구성을 법률 언어, 법률 언어 환경, 법률 번역자로 나누고 각자의 특성에 대하여 분석하였다. 또한 인지언어학의 계층성을 토대로 법률 번역 프레임을 계층화하였다. 인지언어학 프레임의 계층성에 의하여, 중한 법률 번역 프레임의 여러 “특징”, 또는 기본구성은 중한 법률 번역 프레임에서 “값”을 가질 수 있고, 그 “값”은 또 다른 값을 가질 수 있다. 본고에서는 법률 번역 프레임의 전형값을 살피고, 그 전형값들의 하위 프레임을 밝히고자 하였다. 법률 번역 프레임의 하위 프레임 간의 번역 경로에 대해서도 분석하였다. 중한 법률 번역을 중한 법률 번역 프레임의 여러 하위 프레임 간의 대응으로 간주하였다. 이들 간의 대응은 본고에서 말하는 “번역 경로”이다. 중한 법률 번역 경로 구축에 대한 연구는 중한 법률 번역 프레임을 보완하는 데에 중요한 이론적, 실천적 가치를 가진다. 3장에서는 중한 법률 번역 경로를 구축하기 어려운 원인을 찾고자 하였다. 번역 경로를 구축하기 어려운 주요 원인은 중한 법률 번역 프레임의 여러 하위 프레임 간의 불일치에 있다. 각각의 하위 프레임의 기본구성이 다르기 때문에 대응을 이루기 어려운 것이다. 즉, 중한 법률 언어 프레임의 하위 프레임(중한 법률 어휘 형태 프레임, 중한 법률 문장 형태 프레임, 단의적 중한 법률 언어 의미 프레임, 기본적 중한 법률 언어 의미 프레임, 개념적 중한 법률 언어 의미 프레임)의 기본구성이 다르다. 중한 법률 언어 환경의 하위 프레임(중한 법률 언어 형태 환경 프레임, 중한 법률 언어 형태 환경 프레임)의 기본구성이 다르기 때문에 번역 경로를 구축하기 어렵다. 중한 법률 번역자 지식의 하위 프레임(전지식1 프레임과 후지식1프레임, 전지식2프레임과 후지식2프레임, 전지식3프레임과 후지식3 프레임, 전지식4 프레임과 후지식4프레임, 전지식5프레임과 후지식5프레임, 전지식6프레임과 후지식6 프레임, 전지식7 프레임과 후지식7프레임, 전지식8프레임과 후지식8프레임)의 기본구성이 서로 달라서 번역 경로를 구축하기 어렵다. 다음으로 4장에서 중한 법률 번역 경로를 구축하는 방법에 대하여 탐구하였다. 간추려 말하면, 3장에서 분석한 하위 프레임의 기본구성의 불일치를 정리하고 이러한 차이점을 초월할 수 있는 유사점에 대한 정리를 통해, 중한 법률 번역 경로를 구축하였다. 이를 위하여 차이점을 먼저 정리한 다음, 출발어 법률과 도착어 법률이 초보적인 대응을 이룰 수 있는 상위 프레임을 설정해야 한다. 그 상위 프레임에서 출발어 법률이 나타내는 중요한 형식적, 의미적 특성을 도착어 법언어로 적절하고 타당하게 옮겨 넣을 수 있도록 한 층씩 내려오며 정확한 층위를 찾아내는 것이 중요하다. 출발어가 표현하는 바를 도착어로 제대로 번역해내고자 하는 목표를 달성하기 위해 중한 법률 번역 프레임의 하위 프레임의 유사성 또한 정리해야 한다. 본연구는 중한 법률 번역 프레임의 기본구성과 계층성에 주목하여, 중한 법률 번역 경로를 구축하는 방법을 탐색하였다. 정리하자면, 중한 법률 번역 프레임의 여러 하위 프레임의 기본구성들의 차이점을 밝혀 대응할 수 있는 상위 프레임을 설정한 다음, 이들의 유사성을 찾아내고 한 층 한 층씩 옮겨서 대응을 살펴 번역 경로를 구축한다.

Intentional states and intentional state ascriptions: An integrated linguistic/psychological account

Phillips, Matthew Harold Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New B 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

In my dissertation I argue that core aspects of the problem of intentionality---the problem of how it is that words and thoughts can be about something---can be solved by taking a purely cognitive scientific approach to the study of the mind. Cognitive science, and in particular cognitive neuroscience rightly attribute intentional states a fundamental theoretical role in the explanation of cognitive function---indeed, the very processes they study, perception, movement, decision making, language comprehension, memory, and so on, are thoroughly intentional. Many philosophers---'Denotationalists'---hold that notions like reference, truth-conditions, or content must play a crucial explanatory role in cognitive theories; that is, that they either must be explained by a cognitive theory or that they serve some ineliminable explanatory function themselves. Yet, mainstream cognitive science includes virtually no discussion of or appeal to such denotational properties. I claim that, indeed, explanatory success in cognitive science does not require any appeal to denotational notions. I go on to claim that a completed cognitive science will nonetheless be able to account for facts which involve denotational properties and relations, and in so doing will plausibly give them as much of an explanation as we can hope to get. I also claim that the widespread appeal to semantic values in contemporary formal semantics and philosophy of language has hampered the integration of theories of linguistic comprehension with psychological theories other intentional processes such as decision making. In the positive component of the dissertation, in addition to accounting for denotational facts I also develop an alternative, non-Denotationalist framework for doing formal semantics as well as a theory which integrates a non-Denotationalist semantics for intentational state ascription with a psychological account of mentalizing (the process of attributing intentional states to others). So, my project has deep commitments in the philosophies of mind, psychology, and language. My project could be characterized as endorsing both a reductionist Syntactic Theory of Mind without the Eliminativism, and a cognitive scientific, Deflationist, revival of Intention-Based Semantics. These components provide the philosophical foundation for the empirical, linguistic/psychological account of intentional state ascriptions I offer in the last chapter.

Proper names a cognitive-philosophical study

Garcia-Ramirez, Eduardo University of Michigan 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

Proper Names appear at the heart of several debates in philosophy and the cognitive sciences. These include reference, intentionality, and the nature of belief as well as language acquisition, cognitive development, and memory. This dissertation follows a cognitive approach to the philosophical problems posed by proper names. It puts an emphasis on adequately describing the actual cognitive abilities that allow humans to understand and use proper names. To achieve this goal I use the evidence obtained by cognitive and neuropsychology as well as psycholinguistics. The result is an empirically informed and integrative theory of reference, language use and intentionality, and some metaphysics and epistemology thereof. Chapter 2 argues against descriptivism and partly develops a theory according to which an understanding of reference is prelinguistic and requires no mediating descriptive intensions. The theory, which is consistent with a referentialist semantics for names, is supported by empirical data from lexical, cognitive and neuropsychological research on the acquisition, understanding and processing of proper names. If correct, this theory has important consequences for the debate concerning the possibility of singular thought. Chapter 3 describes the relation between proper name use and the structure of belief by reflecting on the intimate connection between the puzzles of informativeness and substitution failure. Chapter 4 offers a psychological and linguistic resolution of the puzzles. It offers an account of the psychological architecture involved in proper name processing and shows how it interacts with a linguistic account of how proper names are used in tandem with predicate meaning-transfer. Chapter 5 offers a theory of empty names by using some cognitive-general, non-linguistic, resources. A special kind of mental representational state (i.e., EDU-attitudes) and its content (i.e., EDUs) is described and applied. By solving the problems posed by the ordinary use of empty names, the theory helps illuminate issues in metaphysics, ontology, intentionality, and fictional imaginings. Chapter 5 also offers a metalinguistic account of negative existential assertions (e.g., utterances of the form 'X doesn't exist'). This account helps us avoid a common dilemma between a controversial ontology and an unsatisfactory linguistic theory.

비우성반구 뇌손상 환자의 인지 언어적 특성 연구

정주은 전북대학교 대학원 2010 국내석사

Purpose As medical technology has been advanced in addition to radiology, RHD (Right Hemisphere Damage) has been accurately diagnosed, but in connection with the patients, standardized linguistic evaluation has hardly been performed and also there have been few studies on the characteristics of cognitive linguistics. Accordingly in this study, the characteristics of cognitive linguistics and speech were radiologically analyzed in RHD patients in order to develop a tool to objectively evaluate their cognitive characteristics and to bring about the preliminary data for the program of the cognitive linguistic rehabilitation. Subjects and Methods This study was conducted on the experimental group composed of 10 patients (6 males and 5 females) diagnosed with RHD by the physiatrist in Chonbuk National University Hospital, who were in the early stage where it had been 45.4±21.5 days since it had occurred. To collect audio data, subjects voice were recoded using the Sony tape recorder, TC D-10, and audio files converted and analyzed by the use of Multi-Speech Model 3700 (KayPentax, 2008, USA). In this study, RHD patients were compared with normal group in MSP (Motor Speech Profile); frequency, energy, pitch contour and VRT (Vocal Reaction Time), and the accuracy of cognitive linguistic competence was evaluated. The significance level was verified through the independent-sample t-test, for which the program ‘SPSS 14.0 for Windows’ was used. Result Based on the accuracy of cognitive linguistic evaluation and the speech characteristics between RHD group and normal group, the results are as follows ; (1) Diadochokinetic rate of MSP and Energy significant intergroup differences were observed. (2) The case of VRT, the patients were slower than normal, which was significant statistically. (3) As to the accuracy of cognitive linguistic evaluation, significant intergroup differences were conspicuously observed in Orientation and Awareness 83.78±8.40%(.000), Memory 81.12±8.33% (.000), Auditory Processing and Comprehension 89.09±8.31%, Logic&Inference 67.84±19.27% (.000), Thought Organization 70.9±27.36% (.002), Calculation 81.81±18.87% (.005), Reading 70.90±24.67% (.001) and Writing 69.64±17.9% (.000).

인지로봇의 3D 물체와 인지 처리

문준호 동명대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

본 논문에서는 인지 로봇에 있어서 물체를 인식하는 과정과 이를 토대로 문장기반 인지시스템을 배경으로 하여 3D 물체를 인지하고 언어와 연결된 물체와 동작으로 인간의 명령에 따라 동작하는 인지로봇을 연구한다. 먼저 3D 물체의 인식을 위해 깊이검출 카메라로부터 RGB-D 데이터를 입력하고 3D 데이터의 노이즈 저감과 영역분할을 연구한다. 깊이검출 카메라로부터 입력된 깊이 정보는 노이즈를 포함하고 있는데, 이러한 노이즈를 제거하기 위하여 법선성분을 이용한 3D 메디언(Median) 필터를 활용한다. 노이즈가 제거된 각 점의 법선벡터로 부터 이웃하는 점들의 법선벡터들과의 내적을 취함으로서 벡터의 방향 변화율 정도를 계산하여 구분하고 유사한 특성을 나타내는 위치 점을 분할하기 위해 영역성장(region growing) 기법을 적용한다. 깊이검출 카메라는 일반적으로 한 시점에서의 거리 데이터를 검출하게 된다. 이러한 검출 데이터는 물체의 한 단면만을 나타내므로 다른 시점에서 검출된 거리 데이터와의 통합 즉 일반화(generalization)가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 컬러 영상 내에 포함된 특징을 이용하여 물체에 대한 정합을 한 후 이를 이용해 두 데이터를 일반화하는 방법을 제시한다. 인식된 물체는 문장기반 인지시스템의 시각모듈에서 사건으로 표현되고 이는 사건해석기에서 문장으로 표현되며 동시에 물체기술자(object descriptor)에 대상 물체의 3D 데이터가 저장된다. 이러한 과정에서 물체는 지표와 탄도체의 상호 관계로 표현되고 인지적 개념을 언어적 표현으로 나타낸다. 또한 물체를 처리하는 동작을 동작 기술자의 계층적 모델을 기반으로 하여 정의하고 물체에 대한 처리를 함과 동시에 그 동작 사건을 문장으로 생성하여 인지시스템의 문장메모리에 저장한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 물체에 대한 3D 인지와 이에 대한 인지시스템 기반의 물체처리 방법론을 제시한다. For advanced human-robot interaction could be expected in the situation of robot companions, 3D object recognition and object handling based on a cognitive structure are necessary similar to human cognition. In this paper, a 3D object cognition and a object handling method based on a sentential cognitive system of cognitive robot are proposed. For 3D object recognition, RGB-D data is acquired from Kinect, and 3D noise reduction, 3D segmentation, and 3D generalization algorithms are suggested and applied on it. For 3D noise reduction, 3D data is constructed from depth data by applying perspective and rigid transformations, and a 3D Median filtering by selecting middle value of neighboring normal vectors is adopted. For 3D segmentation, inner products of neighboring normal vectors are computed and same regions of 3D data are determined by a threshold value. For 3D generalization for integrating 3D data with multiple views, two corresponding point sets are computed by using SURF algorithm in 2D image and a transformation matrix for integrating two 3D data is applied. For handling of objects recognized and stored in the object descriptor, the cognitive system interprets the handling command of a human with a listening module. All commands of motion are interpreted to a sentential form and transformed to motion sentences which is applied to a motion descriptor hierarchically modeled with episodes, primitive functions and atomic functions. The relationship among objects is semantically searched and defined with the linguistic terms of an argument and an adjunct meaning a landmark and a trajector that could be appear in sentences. Experimental results show the implementation of the proposed 3D object cognition algorithms and the cognitive linguistic structure for object handling actions are feasible and useful for advance HRI.

The effects of language on children's understanding of agency and causation

Martinez, Ivelisse M University of Michigan 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

During young children's developmental process, language-specific characteristics of structure, systems of meaning, and rules of language use may affect the direction of development of both their native language and their cognition. The present study looks at how differences in language structure translate into differences in performance on cognitive tasks and differences in the ways we attend and reason about events and objects in our environment on occasions of language production and interpretation. The main thesis of this dissertation is that differences in the ways the English and Spanish languages do not mark or mark, respectively, verbs of change of state (CS), change of position (CP), change of location (CL), and movement (MV), translate into differences in the aspects of events that speakers of these languages attend to, influencing children's cognitive preferences in tasks designed to test for their understanding of agency and causation, in linguistic and non-linguistic contexts. Linguistic analyses of these verbs suggest that English speakers should prefer to attend to the agents of actions causing events whereas Spanish speakers should prefer to attend to the end results of those events. Four-year-old English and Spanish speakers were given a storytelling task and a forced choice selection task followed by a narrative task to test for their cognitive preferences in both linguistic and non-linguistic contexts. Their performance showed that, overall, differences in language structure influence the ways speakers interpret and talk about events described by the verbs of CS, CP, CL, and MV. In addition, the use of these verbs has an effect on children's performance in cognitive tasks, with English speakers preferring to attend to the agents of events and Spanish speakers preferring to attend to the end result of events. Nonetheless, the effect of language structure is moderated by variables such as the type of verb, type of entity involved in the event, type of event, type of stimulus, and level of cognitive and grammatical development of the subject.

One of many doors: Sensing the literary sense through a cognitive poetics-inclusive reading approach

Piazza, Jessica University of Southern California 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation makes a case that Cognitive Poetics research and methodologies are an important addition to comprehensive literary analyses of poetic texts. The hypothesis is that integrating an analysis of readers' initial, pre-lexical responses to the sound and visual information in a poem can yield interesting and instructive data that adds to a full understanding of the text while instructing writers on possible avenues for their craft. The dissertation uses recent scientific research into how people read, comprehend and make meaning of texts to support this thesis. The first chapter explains the foundations of Cognitive Poetic reading approaches, including new neuroscience, physiology and psycholinguistics research on textual processing now available due to scientific advancements. Then, I address and rebut some critical arguments against Cognitive Poetics, including the problems inherent with reader-response criticism of all kinds as well as the challenges with humanities/science interdisciplinary research in general. In the second chapter, I enact a Cognitive Poetic-inclusive reading of a singe text, William Carlos Williams' "The Attic Which Is Desire." I begin by explaining the methodology behind a Cognitive Poetics-inclusive reading, stressing both the first-person phenomenological nature of the reading and, consequently, the necessity of using Cognitive Poetics as only a single element in a multi-faceted reading approach. From there, I juxtapose the first-person phenomenological reading with traditional, scientific, linguistic and anecdotal responses to the poem (as a whole and in parts) in order to offer a full case study of the poem's possibilities. I also conducted and included a survey of 429 participants who responded to cognition-based questions on the sound, visual structure and meaning of the poem. A roundup of that data is available in Appendix A, and the full survey data is available in Appendix C. This dissertation also includes my full-length poetry collection, Interrobang (Red Hen Press, 2013), which I believe works as an example of how Cognitive Poetic knowledge and inquiry can inform a writer's craft. By working heavily with meter and rhyme, the poems in the collection contrast playful and frenetic sounds and rhythms with what are ostensibly dark and ominous subjects.