Botswana Sports Administrators’ Perceptions on Sports Talent Identification and Development

라로나 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

현대 올림픽과 스포츠 전문성 수준은 경쟁이 치열하며 세계의 다른 나라들과 경쟁력을 높이기 위해서 단체와 기관의 관심, 시간, 그리고 인력 자원은 필수요소이다. 그럼으로 스포츠 영재 발굴 프로그램은 바탕이 되어 올림픽과 같은 세계적인 무대에서 선수들의 경기력을 발휘할 수 있도록 각 스포츠 기관들의 투자가 필요한 실정이다. 보츠와나는 올림픽에 처음 참가한 이후로 현재의 스포츠 영재 발굴 개발은 충분히 이루어지고 있지 않으며 눈에 띄는 예는 거의 없는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구는 스포츠 영재 발굴 및 육성에 대한 보츠와나의 스포츠 행정가 인식과 스포츠 성과에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고자 하였다. 개인 면담을 통해 자료를 수집했으며 보츠와나 국가 스포츠위원회 5명의 스포츠 행정가들이 연구에 참여했다. 본 연구는 국가 스포츠 관리기구의 접근 방식이 프로그램 형성 및 실행에 있어서 창의성이 부족하다는 것을 주요 문제로 나타났다. 또한 스포츠 과학의 이해 및 구현 측면에서 스포츠 재능과 영재를 발굴하는 시스템에 대한 개념 이해가 부족함을 보여주었다. 스포츠 영재를 발굴하고 육성하기 위한 방법과 프로그램을 구현하는 체계적인 과정과 구조 개발이 필요한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 스포츠 행정가들은 스포츠 영재 발굴 및 육성을 위해 이에 필요한 정책을 구축하여 문서화 및 모니터링을 통해 각 육성 프로그램을 관리하는 것을 강조했다. 그러나 보츠와나의 스포츠 영재 발굴 및 육성 과정을 명확하게 설명하고 공식적으로 소개된 정책 문서가 없기 때문에 스포츠 영역 별 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 스포츠 행정가들은 다음과 같은 발전 사항을 주장했다. 활동 중인 코치 및 운동 선수 그리고 이해 관계자들의 범위를 확장할 필요성을 내세웠다. 마지막으로 스포츠 영재 발굴 및 육성을 기반으로 학교 체육의 구조를 변형하거나 교육 관리자 관점의 의견 탐색하고자 한다는 것으로 나타났다. Modern Olympics and level of professionalism in sport is more competitive and requires significant attention from the governing bodies in terms of time, human resources and capital investment to put up programs of Sport Talent identification and development in order to cope with the rest of the world. However in Botswana over the time since her first appearance at the Olympics, not enough has been done to be at par with the current trends of sports talent identification and development. Rather there are few noticeable examples which are not bearing the much needed results. The study sought to investigate Botswana’s sport administrators’ perceptions on sports talent identification and development and the impacts it has on sports performance. Interview questions were used to collect data adopted from related research studies. Five sports administrators from Botswana National Sports Commission participated in this study. The study revealed that the approach by the national sports governing bodies lacks creativity in programs formation and implementation as the main problem. The study also revealed a lack of concept understanding of sports talent identification and development system, in terms of understanding and implementation of sports science. The study revealed certain challenges: the use of old methods to identify and develop talent and the lack of structured process of implementing programs. The establishing of policies and documenting and monitoring programs was highlighted as a means to managing sports talent identification and development programs. It however emerged from the study that certain areas need to be improved as no formal policy document exists that clearly guides the process of sports talent identification and development in Botswana. Several recommendations were made. The study recommended that there is a need to expand the scope of participants, to currently active key stakeholders like coaches and athletes to get a bottom up perspective or opinion of approach on the subject of talent identification and development. Lastly the study recommended a research based on the opinion of education administrator’s perspective on transforming or the use of school as a base for sport talent identification and development.

Community sports service network : focus on Chinese context

Niu, Jianting Graduate School, Korea University 2013 국내석사

This paper examines the network governance theory in Chinese practicepublic sports service. Chinese government has continuously taken reforms in public sports systems since 1990s. Under this circumstance, two urban communities are selected to clarify the existence of different governance modes in community sports network. The factors which may affect network outcomes will be also analyzed. Aiming to examine the network governance mode in Chinese public area, this study provides a substantial comparison between two typical cases of Chinese urban communities-Mianwu Community and Diyi Community, by which we find the administration-led governance mode directs towards successful performance, while the mode which is neither administration-led mode, nor collaboration mode as advocated by central government directs towards unsuccessful performance. This paper proceeds as follows: in order to build a context for explaining the network governance in sports service field of urban China, firstly we provide introduction of background on this topic. Secondly, we review previous literature on network governance and by incorporating China’s background a test framework will be proposed. The third part will provide research methods used in surveying over the two communities. Fourthly, we analyze and discuss the collected data to address our research question. Finally, conclusion will be pointed out. What we can conclude until now is, in Chinese context, the administration-led governance mode is still quite pervasive, in which the process of governance mode contributing to the final outcome can be illustrated by our proposed factors comprising resource munificence, governance efforts and characteristics of population. By contrast, insufficiency of resources, vacant position of governmental agency and lacking of voices from citizens may direct towards failed outcomes. Besides, the Chinese special institutional characteristic-super power of bureaucracy- is also a salient potential factor in affecting final network performance.

Examining the psychological factors associated with fantasy sports participants

Suh, Young Ik Indiana University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

With the rise of the Internet, fantasy sports have gained considerable attention from sports fans because of the accessibility and convenience provided to participants in the virtual world (Lomax, 2006; Wendel, 2004). Despite the incredible growth of interest in fantasy sports, few empirical studies (e.g., Cooper, 2004; Farquhar & Meeds, 2007) exist about this emerging phenomenon and its participants. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychological factors associated with participation in fantasy sports. Three theoretical models were proposed to analyze the psychological factors associated with fantasy sports participants. The first model investigated motivations and constraints, as well as examined how these motivations and constraints influence participants' attitudes toward fantasy sports participation. The second model examined the relationship between perceived service quality, satisfaction, attitude, and actual usage. The third model involved a comparison of the proposed service-quality model with a rival model to examine the role of satisfaction and attitude as mediating variables. In order to test the three models, this study involved the facilitation of a six-section survey of subjects (N=279) who use the message boards of four fantasy sports websites (i.e., ESPN.com Fantasy Games, Yahoo! Fantasy Sports, FOX Fantasy Sports, and NFL Events: Fantasy Sports). The results revealed that motivation had a positive and significant effect (gamma = .43, p < .05) on attitude. Furthermore, constraints had a negative and significant effect (gamma = -.25, p < .05) on attitude. With regard to the results of the proposed service-quality model, there were significant findings regarding the structural relations: positive and significant relationships between perceived service quality and satisfaction (gamma = .73, p < .05), between satisfaction and attitude (gamma = .33, p < .05), and between attitude and actual usage (i.e., amount of time: gamma = .20, < .05; frequency: gamma = .17, < .05). However, the results of a rival model showed that only one hypothesized path coefficient was satisfied at the p < .05 level. Overall, these results indicate that satisfaction and attitude are mediating variables between perceived service quality and actual usage. The findings of this study provide unique insight for sport marketing researchers regarding the identification of psychological factors associated with sports consumers in a virtual world. Furthermore, the results of this research will assist sport marketing practitioners as they work to create effective competitive strategies associated with Internet usage and the development of web content (i.e., online gaming, web board, and online shopping).

地方自治에 따른 體育行政의 發展方向에 관한 硏究

김사엽 建國大學敎 大學院 1992 국내박사

This Study came to following conclution in consequence of review on the Progressive course for the improvement of the Sports Administration Service in a local community based on positive elements concerned i term of implementation of Local Autonomy System in Korea. A. ORGANIZATION 1. Since the role-play of local autonomous units and civilian-led Sports Activities in the community is rather insignificant and ambigous, Local Sports Activities are not suppoted by them efficiently. Therefore, There will be a need to shape up their roles and funtions which will energize the activity of the civilian-led Community Sports Promotion Board. This will be able to come to grip with the change in the recognition of sports by Keeping Community People motivated. 2. Current non-sports functionaries have not been trained to deal with manifold demands from local residents in term of wel-fare policy management, So Development of Training Course for Specialists who will be engaged in this job will respond to it's demand successfully. 3. various attempt in a bid to maimizing support for participation in sports activities through institutional Shape-up and re-inforcement which will safeguard the Self-governing function and it's service of the Sports Administration System, will be helpful to the chance of participation. B. POLICY 1. To bring an affirmative change to the general recognition of Sports. They must set up a sound sports surroundings like bringing in advertisement activities and guidance for local residents, calling elite group's attention and back-up for sports, pursueing renovation of sports circle, developing a new policy like holding local sports festivities and activating tradtion-honored folk-lore sports games. These effects will be believed helpful in changing people's general recognition of sports. 2. To promote the welfare of local residents, Effects for Environment for Sports Activities and Enhancement of Self-Independency Finance level must be followed accordingly. They must work this problem out by obtaining financial support from the current National Sports Promotion Management Complex of which all the relevent sports facilities come under it's control in conjuntion with financing and business management. On this context, local autonomous organization must be financed on the special earmark by alloting portion of income out of advertisement to them and establishing new Tax bill for utilizing Amusement facilities, such efforts will serve the purpose well both ways. 3. To expand and equalize opportunities for local residents to participate in Sports Activities. They must keep various sports facilities made available for maximum use in term of efficiency, train and assign proper sports leaders, develop and put to use of many fold programs. Cultivating Spots interest group(CLUB / CIRCLE / COTERIE) and word the way out to activate the local sports festivities per unit area.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) and the media: Using the content analytic method to examine the print communication coverage devoted to an emerging sport

Martin, Tywan G Indiana University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The sport of mixed martial arts (MMA) has benefitted in recent years from promoters who have positioned their sport as a competitive player among the well-established sport entertainment entities such as professional boxing and wrestling (Purcell, 2007). Although there are numerous MMA promotional companies in business today, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) continues to be the sport's premier league (Gregory & Osborne, 2009). With significant revenue streams through pay-per-view shows, event gate receipts, and various merchandising and product-licensing agreements, the UFC franchise is reported to be worth well over a billion dollars (Miller, 2008). Despite the overwhelming growth, rampant fan attraction, and financial success of the UFC, little research has been conducted related to this sport organization in particular and the sport of MMA in general (Andrew, Kim, O'Neal, Greenwell, & James, 2009; Kim, Greenwell, Andrew, Lee, & Mahony, 2008; Lim, Martin, & Kwan, 2010). Currently, there is no research that examines the coverage given to this sport and organization, respectively. One way to examine media coverage is through the print media content analytic method (Grau, Roselli, & Taylor, 2007). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of the coverage devoted to the sport of MMA and its most recognizable promotional company (i.e., UFC) in a popular sport publication (i.e., ESPN The Magazine). This study---which employed a content analysis methodology---examined the quantity and prominence of various media components of the coverage devoted to MMA and the UFC fighters, promoters, fans, and stakeholders. Agenda-setting and hegemonic theoretical frameworks were used to guide this investigation of the magazine's first 13 years (i.e., 1998--2010). In addition to benchmarking the coverage given to an emerging sport, the current examination explored whether or not an agenda is being set by a popular magazine's cover of MMA compared to two sport properties (i.e., X Games and National Football League [NFL]) that have a preexisting contractual relationship with the magazine's parent organization, the Walt Disney Company. Intercoder reliability was established for the article and photographic coding with agreements ranging from .815 to 1.0 according to Scott's Pi. Frequencies, Chi-square, and ANOVA tests afforded insight into the magazine's coverage over the 13-year investigation. From the 339 issues examined, there were a total of 992 feature stories and 6564 photographs included in the scholarly investigation. The findings revealed that MMA's written coverage accounted for 17 (1.7%) articles, while the X Games and the NFL comprised 124 (12.5%) and 845 (85.2%) articles, respectively. In terms of pictorial coverage, there were 100 (1.5%) photographs for MMA, 969 (14.8%) for the X Games, and 5420 (82.6%) for the NFL. There was no difference (etap 2= .00, F(3, 987) = 1.06, p = .364) in the total number of photos per article across MMA, the X Games, and the NFL. Other findings involved article and photographic prominence, gender focus (e.g., 94.2% of the photographs featured male athletes and 93.4% of the articles were focused on males, but there were seven articles devoted to female participants in the X Games), article length and photographic size (e.g., a difference between league [(chi2(6) = 49.52, p < .001)]), accompanied photographic coverage (e.g., there was no statistical difference between the leagues in terms of pictorial enhancement of articles [etap2= .00, F(3, 987) = 1.06, p = .364]), cover pages, league acronyms (e.g., a statistical difference across the sport categories and the sport words and acronyms on the cover page [chi2(12) = 241.85, p < .001]), photographic type (e.g., 41.8% of the photographs were action shots, 88.4% of the MMA photographs were non-violent in nature and there was a statistical difference between the leagues in terms of non-violent photographic content [chi2(3) = 139.22, p < .001]), coverage of sport organizations (e.g., 88.2% of the MMA articles and 89% of the MMA photographs were devoted to the UFC), and emphasis of coverage (e.g., 64.7% of the MMA articles were focused on individual athletes). Overall, although MMA received far less coverage on the pages of the prominent sport publication over the 13-year investigation, the results determined that there were instances where the magazine did not extend more favorable coverage to the sports under contract with the Walt Disney Company as suggested in previous research (Clavio & Pedersen, 2007).

Implications of leadership for the next generation of sport employees: Investigating team effectiveness, group dynamics, and leadership preferences

Witkemper, Chad Indiana University 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

A primary objective of organizational behavior research is dedicated to the perception of how individuals behave on the job and understanding how to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of employees. Prior organizational behavior research has discovered the significance and impact of leadership behaviors (e.g., transactional leadership, transformational leadership, management by objectives) in enabling subordinates to perform more effectively and efficiently (Bass, Avolio, Jung, & Berson, 2003; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, & Rich, 2001; Waldman, Ramirez, House, & Puranam, 2001; Walumbwa, Wu, & Orwa, 2008). This dissertation investigated a corollary branch of this research by examining leadership characteristic implications on team performance and the preferred leadership style for individuals preparing for a career in the sport industry. The purpose of study one was to determine the implications of generational behaviors on perceived leadership preference for individuals belonging to Generation "Y", specifically those looking for a career in sport. This study employed survey methodology that examined individuals' preferred leadership styles of direct managers. This study also investigated generational behaviors to determine the expected manners of individuals who belong to Generation "Y" which is currently the primary age demographic of those beginning sport careers and quickly becoming the largest age group employed in the United States. The purpose of study two explored how group composition would impact group performance. Secondly, this study investigated how individuals of this generation lead. Finally, to organizational behavior components shown to have impacted performance were examined to determine the effects these concepts had on performance. Study one utilized survey methodology and individuals were recruited from sport management courses at a major Midwestern university. The convenience sample (N = 210) consisted solely of individuals that belonged to Generation "Y" and those who intend to pursue sport careers. This study also developed a generational behavior scale to identify work place behaviors exhibited by this generation of sport employees. This study provided insight into the, "how to lead," the next generation of sport employees. Study two employed mixed methods, including an experimental design and survey methodology. It incorporated validated measures that have been used in organizational behavior research. Finally, this study also utilized convenience sampling of sport management students at a major Midwestern university. Study one sought to achieve two primary purposes; first the development of the Generational Behavior Index (GBI), and second to investigate the structural model of leadership preferences among those preparing for a career in sport. Study one identified six factors in the development of the GBI, defining values, job changing, performance feedback, training, value rewards, and value balance. Research suggests these factors are exhibited by specific generations (Zemke, Raines, & Filipczak, 1999). The GBI attained acceptable measures of fit; S-B χ2/df ratio (i.e., 192.38/120 = 1.60, p < .001), CFI = .94; RMSEA = .05; SRMR = .05 (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2005). Further, study one examined the preferred leadership styles of individuals through behaviors exhibited by the next generation of sport employees. Structural equation modeling results indicate with significance that individuals prefer a transformational leader. Further analysis was conducted on the individual components of leadership theories. While transformational leadership was the preferred leadership style, the data suggest a positive relationship between GBI and contingent rewards a component of transactional leadership. Similar to study one, study two served two primary purposes, first the development of the Leadership Characterization Index (LCI) and second implications of team dynamics on team performance. A pretest was conducted to develop the LCI. The pretest concluding with the development of a 30-item scale and through exploratory factor analysis the data identified four leadership characterizations upon which individuals could be classified into: Collaborator, Structural, Facilitator, and Theorist. The LCI was employed in the final phase of study two as individual were placed in teams based on their leadership characterizations. Data examined whether heterogeneous teams would perform better than homogeneous leadership teams. The findings suggest that diversified leadership teams perform better than leadership teams consisting of individuals with similar leadership styles. Further, within study two organizational behavior components (Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Team Cohesion, Impression Management) were examined to determine if these elements influenced performance and the relationship each had with the different leadership characterizations. Results did not indicate that OCBs, cohesion, or impression management impacted performance; however, the results provided further support for the conceptualization of the leadership characterizations presented in this study.

The role of the entourage on elite athletes' retirement transition

Tshube, Tshepang Michigan State University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The primary objective of this dissertation was to investigate elite athletes' retirement transition experiences, including its psychological impacts, and post-sport career adaptation of elite athletes in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. The secondary objective was to investigate the role of the entourage on elite athletes' retirement transition. Lastly, the dissertation made cross-national comparisons, looking specifically at sport budgets, population size, and sport organizational structure impacts on elite athletes' retirement transition in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. To address the objectives stated above, this study used a grounded theory research approach and developed the Paths to Post-Sport Career Adaptation model presented in Figure 4. Grounded theory can be described as a systematic, yet flexible methodology for collection and analyzing qualitative data to construct theories that are grounded in the data themselves (Sparkes & Smith, 2014) The grounded theory approach was chosen to explore the experiences of retired elite athletes and their entourage members because it accords the impose theory on the data. A total of 17 retired athletes (12 males and 5 females) from various sports (athletics-6, swimming-2, Boxing-2, rowing-2, field hockey-2, gymnastics-1, triathlon-1, biking-1) in Southern Africa and their entourages (n = 35) participated in the current study. All athletes had competed at the Olympics except one athlete who had competed at world championships and the commonwealth games. The study observed three major themes (type of retirement, dual-career, and challenges) consistent with the primary objectives as crucial in elite athletes' retirement transition and post-sport career and an additional major theme (social and financial support) consistent with the secondary objectives. The first major theme of type of retirement was derived from interviews with athletes and entourages to explain reasons for retirement and post sport career adaptation. Sub-themes observed under type of retirement were voluntary and involuntary. The second major theme observed in the study was dual-career. This finding reflected the athletes' balance between school and sport as primary in preparing for a post-sport career transition and adaptation. Sub-themes observed under the major theme dual-career were graduating from university, full-time job during one's career in sport and part-time job during one's career in sport. The last major theme observed in the primary objective was challenges. It was clear from the respondents that athletes faced challenges including lack of financial resources to maintaining an elite sport career and support during retirement transition. Sub-themes observed under the major theme of challenges were financial resources, lack of trained coaches, lack of facilities, and lack trained medical personnel. Consistent with literature on retirement transition, the study observed that athletes' experiences in elite sport are crucial in explaining not only their retirement transition, but also their post-sport career adaptation. The major theme consistent with secondary objectives was observed across the three phases of data collection indicating athletes receiving social and financial support from a variety of entourage members in their elite careers in sport as well as during retirement transition.

中.高等學校 敎育行政家의 體育價値觀 分析 硏究

이상철 漢陽大學校 1989 국내박사

Native American participation in youth sport: The effects of cultural influences

Allen, Ananka Texas Woman's University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Native American youth have higher rates of obesity, diabetes, alcoholism and suicide than any other ethnic group in the United States. They are not receiving the appropriate nutrition or time for physical activity, which is leading to an unhealthy lifestyle well into adulthood. Previous studies have shown that participation in sport can help alleviate many of the aforementioned problems currently ailing Native American youth, but none have been conducted on this specific ethnic group. The purpose of this study was to identify factors and cultural influences on Native American youth participation in sport. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the sport participation levels classified by tribe, age, and gender, and cultural expectations and beliefs concerning sport. Native American athletes were recruited to complete the Student Athlete Relationship Instrument online (n = 39) and coaches were recruited to participate in interviews (n = 5). Quantitative analyses were conducted to examine the descriptive statistics, to determine which aspect of culture (Teammates, Peers, Family, or Coaches) had the most influence on sport participation, and to compare specific dimensions of cultural influences (ex: Encouragement, Support, Drugs, Alcohol, etc.). Qualitative data were used to explore the coaches' interview responses; data were transcribed and analyzed, then separated by themes. Eighty-three percent of the athletes in this study played multiple sports, with three sports being the average. Football was the most popular sport played (31%), followed by basketball (20%) and track (18%). The average age of the participants was 18 years, and 11.4% of these participants were females. Cherokee, Choctaw, and Navajo tribes had the most respondents at 15%, 10%, and 10% respectively. Family was found to have the most positive contribution to the athletes sport performance while teammates were found to have the most influence on negative behaviors. Native American youth participation in sports. The coaches collectively expressed that the most effective way to increase and retain sport participation from this group was through positive role modeling and to combine traditional games such as stickball with the modern concepts of sport while honoring their ancestors.

Hidden disabilities: A study in the application of IDEA and Section 504 in the high school athletics

Perry, Kristen Texas Woman's University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Five percent of children in the United States have a disability in the areas of language processing, attention, impulse, and motor control while an additional 15% or more students go unidentified (Cortiella & Horowitz, 2014). These disabilities often go unnoticed; they are hidden. According to Beyer, Flores, and Vargas-Tonsing (2008) most athletic coaches at the varsity level believe that athletes with disabilities have a right to participate in traditional high school sports. However, 83% stated they were inadequately prepared to coach these athletes. Although instructional interventions could be applied to all students, coaches must be aware of disabilities amongst their student-athletes (Angle, 2007) to ensure continued learning and success in their designated sports. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine whether varsity high school athletic personnel are following state and federal laws by using individual education programs and/or Section 504 Plans for their student-athletes with disabilities. A purposive interview was used with a population of 6A assistant principals, athletic directors, and varsity head coaches. The results of this study found that although coaches believe student-athletes with Hidden Disabilities have a right to participate in interscholastic sport, they are inadequately prepared to not only coach these athletes, but were ominously unaware that these athletes are required, by law, added support in the athletic arena as well. These results are significant because it adds to a limited body of research regarding compliance to state and federal regulations dealing with student-athletes with disabilities participating in athletics, as well as the significance that professional development has on coaches working with student-athletes.