Student characteristics and organizational differences as they relate to transfer

Sheldon, Caroline Quirion University of California, Los Angeles 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This study draws from the social reproduction theory of Pierre Bourdieu, in particular Bourdieu's concept of habitus, in an attempt to uncover the means by which California community college students are channeled into particular transfer destinations, specifically, the California State University, the University of California, and four-year for-profit universities such as the University of Phoenix. Bourdieu's concept of habitus, operationalized in this study as ascribed characteristics of students, such as ethnicity, class, and gender, and organizational qualities of the community college, such as transfer rates, percentages of students receiving need-based aid and requiring remedial coursework, were examined in an effort to discern the effects of social background characteristics, academic experiences, and institutional effects in the transfer process. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain the predictive value and relative strength of each of the variables in the model. In addition, the relative risk ratios for three distinct contrasts were estimated. The risk ratios associated with the set of social, academic, and organizational qualities on transfer to the CSU were compared with those associated with transfer to the University of California and for-profit universities. Predicted probabilities, based upon ethnicity and financial need, of attending the most selective institution (i.e. the University of California) were also calculated. This procedure allowed for certain characteristics, such as full or part-time attendance or academic area of emphasis, to be held constant thus illuminating the effects of such variables as race, gender, and the transfer rate of the community college. For the total population of community college students, social background, academic experiences, and organizational characteristics had predictive effects on the transfer outcome. Specifically, the strongest predictors of transfer to the University of California were GPA, being Asian, and the transfer rate of the community college. Age exerted the strongest negative effect on transfer to the University of California. The strongest predictors of transfer to the for-profit segment were age, part-time attendance at the community college, being African American, and male. GPA exerted the strongest negative effect relative to the other predictors on transfer to the for-profit segment. For the total population of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the UC while African American males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the for-profit segment. For the traditional group of community college students, Asian males and females had the highest predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California and Latino males and females had higher predicted probabilities of transfer to the University of California than white students. For the entire population of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college had no impact on the predicted probabilities of transfer to particular institutions; however, consistent with previous community college research, for the traditional subset of community college students, the transfer rate of the community college exerted a positive effect on transfer. Specifically, the predicted probability of transfer to the University of California was higher when students were enrolled at community colleges with higher transfer rates.

"Of the community, for the community": The Chicana/o student movement in California's public higher education, 1967-1973

Moreno, Marisol University of California, Santa Barbara 2009 해외공개박사

This study examines the Chicana/o student movement in Southern California colleges from 1967 to 1973. Using oral histories, movement newspapers, university archives, and government documents, I argue that Chicana/o student activists centered their organizational identities, activities, and goals on servicing the Mexican American community. Given the diminutive presence of Mexican Americans in higher education, student activists tapped into the social networks and resources, the collective identity, the ideology, and the tactics and strategies of the Chicano Movement to launch a Chicana/o student movement for educational equity. Using a case study approach, the dissertation focuses on four campuses, East Los Angeles College, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of California, San Diego, and California State College, Long Beach to examine how students created organizations; participated in multi-ethnic coalitions; mobilized and affirmed non-white racial and gendered identities; and engaged in protest politics. This work reveals that in the course of participating in barrio and campus struggles, students build a sense of community, which in turn helped to develop and sustain the Chicano Movement's solidarity and collective action over a period of time. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the critical role of Chicana/o student activism in the Chicano Movement and California student movement. In addition to providing a voice for their barrios, Chicana/o student activists pressured state colleges and universities to act and expand on the 1960 Master Plan of Higher Education's mandate to service all segments of California's communities. Despite the Chicana/o student movement's inability to sustain its political momentum and to actualize all of its goals, it yielded significant institutional and cultural changes, among which include the creation of Chicana/o Studies departments and curricula; an increased enrollment of Mexican Americans and other Latina/os into higher education; and the production of a generation of professionals and leaders infused with an ethos of social justice and community service.

Host ecology of Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii in Coastal California

Rejmanek, Daniel University of California, Davis 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii are protozoal parasites capable of infecting a wide variety of warm blooded animals. The Monterey Bay along California's central coast was chosen as the focal point of this study based on the high prevalence of S. neurona and T. gondii infections in Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the S. neurona infection prevalence in opossums from central California and identify risk factors associated with infection; (2) molecularly compare S. neurona strains from opossums, sea otters, and horses; and (3) investigate the effects of oral and congenital T. gondii infection in deer mice. From fall 2005 to the summer of 2008, opossums from central California were tested for infection with S. neurona. The majority of opossums (n=258) were sampled along the coast, while a smaller portion (n=30) were sampled further inland in the Central Valley. Of 288 total opossums sampled, 17 (5.9%) were infected with S. neurona based on the molecular characterization of sporocysts from intestinal scrapings or feces. Risk factors evaluated for association with S. neurona infection in opossums included age, sex, location, season, presence of pouch young in females, concomitant infection, and sampling method (live-trapped or traffic-killed). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that opossums in the Central Valley were 9 times more likely to be infected than those near the coast (P = 0.009). Similarly, opossum infection was 5 times more likely to be detected during the reproductive season (March--July; P= 0.013) than any other time in the year. While it had been assumed that introduced opossums are the source of S. neurona infections in horses and sea otters in California, S. neurona strains from California opossums had not yet been compared against S. neurona strains from these other hosts. Sarcocystis neurona DNA isolated from sporocysts and/or infected tissues of 10 opossums, 6 horses, 1 cat, 23 Southern sea otters, and 1 harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) with natural infections, were analyzed based on 15 genetic markers including the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) region; the 25/396 marker; S. neurona surface antigen genes (snSAGs) 2, 3, and 4; and 10 different microsatellites. Based on phylogenetic analysis, most of the S. neurona strains segregated into three genetically distinct groups. By focusing on a small geographical area and using a wide range of genetic markers, we showed that S. neurona sporocysts shed by California opossums are genetically synonymous with S. neurona parasites found in sea otters, horses, and a harbor porpoise from the same area. Lastly, in order to investigate how oral and congenital routes of T. gondii transmission influence the antibody response and infection status of deer mice, 40 male and 40 female deer mice were orally infected with 1, 5, 10, or 100 T. gondii oocysts. Ten weeks post-infection, 15 T. gondii seropositive female mice were bred and allowed to produce 2 litters. Evidence of persistent T. gondii infection in orally infected mice was detected by serology and DNA amplification in mice from all 4 oocyst treatment groups, including those that received only a single T. gondii oocyst. Congenital transmission of T. gondii was detected by PCR in 7/8 first and 4/7 second litters. Toxoplasma gondii was also detected by PCR in 9/30 congenitally infected offspring 16 weeks after birth despite the fact that detectable serological titers had waned. These findings suggest that congenitally infected offspring may develop a tolerance to T. gondii resulting in a low or undetectable antibody response. These findings raise questions about the applicability of serological testing for T. gondii in deer mice and other rodents in the wild to assess the prevalence of T. gondii infection. Additionally, the detection of frequent congenital transmission suggests that deer mice could help maintain T. gondii in the environment even in the absence of definitive feline hosts. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Diversity and Distribution of California Dragonflies and Other Aquatic Taxa Over the Past Century

Damerow, Joan Elizabeth University of California, Berkeley 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

Climate and land-use change have altered and continue to affect the diversity, composition, and distribution of freshwater organisms throughout the world. This is particularly true in arid and semi-arid regions, where aquatic organisms may experience more pronounced reductions in available habitat with declines in precipitation, increases in water demand, and habitat degradation through human land-use. However, documentation of changes in taxonomic assemblages over long-time periods has been rare because of the difficulty in obtaining historical occurrence data. This dissertation used data from previously published literature, a resurvey study, museum specimens, and enthusiast sightings to document changes in the occurrence rates and distribution of freshwater organisms throughout California over the past century. Summary information regarding freshwater taxa known to occur in California did not previously exist in a central publication. I therefore conducted a review of several primary groups of stream organisms found in the Mediterranean region of California and statewide. For this work, I gathered data from a variety of literature sources and museum specimens to summarize species composition and endemism in the region, and to identify data gaps and conservation priorities for the examined groups. The remainder of this dissertation focuses largely on changes in Odonata species diversity, composition, and occurrence rates over time in California. This charismatic group was ideal for study of change over time because of their relatively low diversity, well-known taxonomy, and the existence of sufficient historical and current specimen records and more recent enthusiast sightings of odonates. I conducted a resurvey of sites originally sampled for Odonata by Clarence H. Kennedy 1914-1915. This work involved surveys of odonates at 81 sites throughout central California and northwestern Nevada, 45 of which were directly comparable to Kennedy's original sites. I found that while site-level species richness has not changed significantly, assemblages have become more homogeneous across sites. Habitat generalists have generally expanded in the extent of their distribution while habitat specialists have declined. In examining current local and regional factors influencing the occurrence of Odonata species in this region, I found that species occurrence was higher during site visits with higher degree-days, especially for highly mobile groups, including dragonflies and migratory species. The probability of presence across species was lower in highly urban sites, particularly for habitat specialists. Overall, both regional and local factors influenced the occurrence of odonates in the study with implications for conservation. A large component of this dissertation included development and analysis of a database of over 33,000 Odonata occurrence records throughout California over the past century. This database included specimen records from museums in California and large odonate collections elsewhere, as well as statewide enthusiast sightings from recent years. I noted that these unstandardized data contain biases with regards to uneven sampling effort, which must be addressed in analysis. Subsequent analyses of occurrence records before and after 1975 indicated that Odonata distribution may have generally shifted northwards with temperature warming and to lower minimum elevations in response to increased summer water-availability in low-elevation agricultural regions. Similar to results from the resurvey study, the museum specimen data indicated that highly mobile migratory species have increased while habitat specialists have declined. I concluded that a combination of sampling biases, species traits, and climate that have influenced the probability of detection of Odonata species over the last century.

College Readiness in California High Schools: Access, Opportunities, Guidance, and Barriers

Smoot, Shanda L University of Southern California 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation explores California's current A-G requirements and investigates whether or not students are more college ready now than they were in previous years. This study also investigates whether or not students have adequate opportunities to access the rigorous coursework in an urban high school largely populated by minority students. The purpose of this study was to explore if students are provided with the information necessary to make informed decisions that may lead to fulfillment of the requirements and for eligibility into either the California State University or University of California college system. This study focused on student college readiness from 1994-2012 to see if California was graduating students from high school that were college ready through exploring course taking patterns, reviewing student characteristic data, and looking at college readiness as defined by the number of students eligible to attend a California State University or University of California school. Findings from this study indicate that while there have been improvements in the overall college readiness of students the gains are slight. The findings also show that African American students are falling behind Caucasian students with regard to college readiness.

An evaluation of computer-mediated learning for elementary algebra students at Pasadena City College (California)

Dooley, Bennie Allen University of Southern California 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Providing a transfer path to four-year universities is a major mission of the California community colleges. Important to this mission is the promise of equity, ensuring that underrepresented and disadvantaged populations have access and the necessary skill preparation to allow them to transfer to a four-year university. A March 15, 2000, article in the <italic>Los Angeles Times</italic> reported that of the 31, 187 freshmen that entered the California State University system in fall 1999, 48 percent required remedial math. About 46 percent required remedial work in reading and writing. Further, the proportion of unprepared students reported was much higher in large, urban campuses that tend to attract students from low-performing high schools. In response to this lack of preparation, the California State Universities have in the last few years begun to limit access of prospective freshman that require remedial work. Developmental math and English can, in effect, become gatekeeper subjects keeping remedial students from accomplishing their goal of transferring to a four year university. A lack of developmental math preparation can strand students in remedial classes semester after semester. This study will seek to determine if Elementary Algebra students, at Pasadena City College, who register for classes utilizing Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) as a primary instructional delivery are more likely to have successful retention success than similar students in a traditional lecture based classroom. A survey will be conducted to determine equivalent computer experience for the two groups. Further, historical statistical data will be analyzed to see if any statistical significance is associated with type of learning methodology, gender, and minority status.

Management of End-Of-Life Electronic Products within Environmental Benign Manufacturing Framework : Analysis of Infrastructure, Cost, Materials Flow, and Decision-Making

강해용 University of California 2005 해외박사

본 연구의 목적은 폐전자제품이 환경에 미치는 실제적인 영향과 재활용의 기반시설 등에 관하여 친환경적인 관점에서 비교 분석하여 보다 나은 폐전자제품의 처리 방향을 모색하는데 있다. 전자제품의 유효 평균수명은 감소추세에 있으며 그 속도는 증가하고 있다. 따라서 이들을 처리하기위해서 새로운 방법이 모색 되어져야 하며 그중의 한 방법이 재횔용이다. 본 논문은 폐가전제품의 현 상태를 종합적으로 분석하고, technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 경제적인 모델을 제공하고, materials flow analysis를 이용하여 미래에 발생할 폐전자제품의 양을 예측하고, 오염방지를 위한 법규의 제정에 있어서 의사결정 모델을 제공한다. 폐전자제품의 종합적인 분석을 위하여서는 기존의 재활용 프로그램과 관련되는 각각의 주체들의 역활과 재활용 기술들을 연구하였다. 재활용 비율을 늘리기 위해서는 지속적인 폐전자제품의 공급이 중요하며 효과적인 분리기술, 친환경적인 제품설계, 그리고 분리된 물질 및 부품의 원활한 판로의 확보가 선결과제임을 보여 준다. Technical cost modeling을 통하여 재활용 산업의 수입과 지출 구조를 확인하고 재활용 산업의 활성화를 위한 경제적인 수익 모델을 제공하였고 또한 모델을 sensitivity analysis을 통하여 검증하였다. Materials flow analysis 결과 output 패턴과 그 양은 input 과 단순한 일차함수의 관계가 아님을 보여주며 소비자의 행동양식이output 패턴과 그 양을 결정하는데 가장 중요한 요소로 작용함을 보여준다. 또한Technical cost modeling 과 Materials flow analysis의 조합을 통하여 미래에 필요한 전자제품의 재활용 기반시설, 즉 필요한 자본 투자의 양과 필요한 처리시설의 양을 예측하는 tool을 제공하였다. 전자산업의 유독물질 사용과 그 규제에관한 실제를 비교 분석하였고 의사결정 방법인Analytic hierarchy process을 이용하여 그 결과를 판정하는 tool을 제공하였다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of end-of-life (EOL) electronic products, recycling infrastructure, and efforts in practice to decrease the environmental impact from EOL electronic products, within the boundary of Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM). Since the 1980’s, with the development of consumer-oriented electrical and electronic technologies, countless units of electronic equipment have been sold to consumers. The useful life of these consumer electronic devices (CEDs) is relatively short, and decreasing as a result of rapid changes in equipment features and capabilities. This creates a large waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment. The conventional treatment method for this waste is disposal in landfills but because of increasing concern about environmental quality, diverted waste treatment methods are desired. One aspect of the strategy should include recycling and reuse of EOL electronic products. In this thesis, I provide a comprehensive approach to evaluating the status of EOL electronic products, an economic model for EOL e-waste recycling, an analytical model to guide future infrastructure needs, and a quantitative tool for pollution prevention policy decision-making. For the comprehensive evaluation of EOL electronic products, existing recycling programs, the roles of each stakeholder in e-waste recycling, and technologies are identified. The results show that to increase the recycling rate a steady supply of collected materials is needed, as well as effective sorting techniques, proper incorporation of Design for the Environment in early product design, and valued secondary markets for recycled goods. In particular, the development of effective collection programs is necessary. Technical cost modeling (TCM) results provide guidance to the recycling industry on how to maximize revenue and ensure the robust economic viability of e-waste Materials Recycling Facilities. Revenue sources with higher profit-efficiency ratios are an example. Also, process automation is demonstrated to be a major hurdle to overcome because of the high labor cost in the recycling industry combined with the randomness factor associated with the input stream. The sensitivity of the cost model results to key assumptions is investigated through the use of sensitivity analysis. The results of the materials flow analysis (MFA) indicate that the pattern of outflow and the amount do not simply depend on the inflow pattern and amount, which is different than general MFA analysis for most other products. Also, the behavior of consumers, especially of the first user, is the most critical factor that determines the outflow of personal computer systems at the EOL stage. The combination of TCM and MFA provide a tool for estimating the infrastructure needed to treat future e-waste, such as the number of treatment facilities and the total capital investment needed. It is shown that, in the time period 1992 to 2003, the State of California electronic and electrical industries decreased the amount of toxic waste they generated. However, during the same time period, the size of these industries increased 3-fold in California. The results of the Analytic Hierarchy Process decision-making study indicate that the current toxic waste treatment methods practiced in the electronic and electrical industries in California are sound relative to their ability to protect pubic health and the environment.

Quicksilver landscapes: Space, power, and ethnicity in the mercury mining industry in California and the West, 1845--1900

Johnston, Andrew Scott University of California, Berkeley 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a history of the forces that shaped the quicksilver (mercury) mining industry within the context of the development of California and the West. It explores the reciprocal relationship between the spaces of the quicksilver industry and the social groups and individuals that lived in and struggled over them at three scales: the global scale of the flows of capital, technology, people, and mercury; the regional scale of the industry in California and the West; and the local scale of towns and mining camps. It does this through a combination of sources ranging from mine company documents and census records through the physical remains of mining sites. Historically mercury has been very important because to control mercury was to control bullion production; in the second half of the nineteenth century, the mercury mines of California and the West produced half the world's supply of mercury. Mercury mines and mining camps were highly organized by racial and ethnic hierarchies, and in this way mercury mining was very different than other types of metal mining in the American West. Mercury mines were capital intensive to develop due to geology, and mercury, which had little value in and of itself, was only valuable as a tool to power over bullion production, another capital intensive project. Work, and the spaces of work and daily life, at the mercury mines and camps of the American West were organized to define and exploit racial hierarchies in developing California. This dissertation has five chapters that build on one another to tell the story of the mercury mining industry in California. Chapter One explores the global history of the production of and trade in mercury. Chapter Two explores how the mercury industry in California constituted an important break from earlier eras because the trade was not controlled by a single state entity, but rather by multiple competing capitalists. Chapter Three considers the geology and geography of the industry, on the regional scale, arguing for the importance of a range of social, cultural, economic, and technical factors as well as the location of cinnabar deposits. Chapters Four and Five describe how the hierarchical organization of social groups in California based on race and ethnicity were made material by spaces of work and daily life at the quicksilver mines.

Occurrencce and nature of rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea in California

Greer, Christopher Alan University of California, Davis 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus <italic>Pyricularia grisea</italic>, was first identified in California in 1996. <italic>P. grisea</italic> was isolated from symptomatic rice panicle neck nodes and shown to be pathogenic on rice in the greenhouse. Rice blast disease was first observed in Glenn and Colusa counties in 1996 and Sutter County in 1997. The disease appears to be spreading at a moderate rate in California rice fields. Severity of rice blast was highest in 1996, less in 1997, and least in 1998. Pathotype testing and DNA fingerprinting of California <italic>P. grisea </italic> isolates revealed a remarkably homogeneous population with only one international race (IG-1) and one MGR586 fingerprint group (lineage) detected in extensive isolate collections from 1996, 1997, and 1998. Homogeneity of the California <italic>P. grisea</italic> population suggests that the introduction of a single clonal lineage of the pathogen was responsible for the occurrence of rice blast in California. <italic>P. grisea</italic> was recovered from rice crop residue and commercial seedlots, but not from weed species in and around rice fields. Crop residue and seed are possible sources of initial <italic>P. grisea</italic> inoculum in California rice fields. Examination of weather data indicates that environmental conditions in California rice producing areas are permissive for rice blast but generally not optimal for epidemic development. Weather data from California rice fields in 1998 indicated that long leaf wetness and high relative humidity periods required for sporulation and infection were common. However, peak spore release generally occurred around 6 a.m. which would not allow sufficient time for efficient infection before the leaf wetness periods end over the majority of the growing season. Concentrations of sodium hypochlorite in seed soaks that did not adversely affect germination and seedling development were found to be ineffective in eliminating <italic>P. grisea</italic> from infested rice seed. Quadris fungicide shows promise for control of neck blast, resulting in improved yield and milling quality, and reduced percent infested seed. Excess nitrogen over that required for maximum yield resulted in an increase of severity of the blast disease. Cultivar M-201 is more susceptible to blast than other California cultivars.

The commercialization of university technology: Implications for firm strategy and public policy

Ziedonis, Arvids Alexander University of California, Berkeley 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Since the 1980s, several trends have increased the importance of licensing and patenting and the commercialization of university-invented technologies: the enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which facilitated patenting and licensing by universities; increased commercial interest in biotechnology, a technical field in which university research capabilities are particularly strong; and the general strengthening of US intellectual property rights in the 1980s. This dissertation presents three related studies that examine important dimensions of U.S. university patenting and licensing, (1) how the characteristics of firms influence their decisions to license university technologies and their management of this uncertain process, (2) the geographic diffusion of university technology through knowledge spillovers and market-based licensing transactions, and (3) the effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on the research and technology marketing activities by universities. In the first study, I develop two simple models that predict the likelihood that a firm will license a university technology and whether the firm will purchase an “option” agreement to manage the technological uncertainty of the commercialization process. I empirically test predictions generated by these models using detailed data on exclusive licenses of patented inventions at the University of California, the largest university licensor in the U.S. In the second study, I examine the differential geographic “reach” of market and non-market channels of university technology commercialization. The findings presented in this study contradict earlier conclusions regarding the relative importance of geography for knowledge spillovers and market-based transactions in technology transfer. In the third study, I investigate the effect of commercialization incentives created by the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 on the research and technology marketing efforts of three leading university licensors, and augment this analysis with large-scale empirical examination of the effect by Bayh-Dole on the “quality” of U.S. university patenting. The findings suggest that the decline in the quality of U.S. university patents observed after Bayh-Dole appears to be due to the Act's encouragement of new universities into technology transfer, rather than a change in the research incentives of universities, as widely feared by policymakers and other interested observers.