Civil Society and International Organizations: Access, Strategy, and Influence in the OAS

Urzua Valverde, Maria Jose Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2024 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation presents three papers that theorize the influence, informal access, and advocacy strategies of civil society in international organizations (IOs). The first paper addresses the conditions under which civil society influences intergovernmental negotiations. It introduces the concept of "insider advocate", or a governmental actor that seeks to change the behavior of a state on a principled issue and that, for this purpose, grants formal and/or informal access to the policy process to civil society. Civil society influences an intergovernmental negotiation through the provision of information, if it alters the behavior of enough states to shape its course or content. The second paper responds to the research question: under which conditions do IOs publicly criticize their member states for violating norms? It argues that IOs are more likely to criticize states' actions when they receive information from local NGOs. However, not all NGOs are deemed reliable. IOs develop trust in these organizations through repeated interactions and pre-established relationships. The third paper addresses why do NGOs choose a given advocacy strategy in IOs; specifically lobbying or litigation. It argues that there are three factors that determine an NGO's choice of strategy: the political and legal opportunity structures of the IO, the resources of the NGO, and its organizational identity.The dissertation uses the case of the Organization of American States (OAS), from 1990 to 2022, to address these research questions empirically. The OAS is the regional multi-purpose organization that brings together the countries of the Americas. It is home to the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights. Civil society is very active in the political organs of the OAS and in its human rights' institutions. This makes it a relevant case for testing this dissertation's theoretical arguments, while also advancing the empirical knowledge of the OAS in the International Relations literature.Methodologically, this dissertation employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, ranging from case studies and process-tracing to statistical methods, including text analysis and an instrumental variable approach. This research leverages information obtained through archival work at the OAS, 40 semi-structured interviews of elites, and four original databases.

Bicubical Directed Type Theory

Weaver, Matthew Zachary Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2024 해외박사(DDOD)

In homotopy type theory, each type is equipped with an abstract notion of path, corresponding to the morphisms of a ∞-groupoid. Voevodsky's univalence axiom states that the type of paths between types is equivalent to the type of equivalences between types, and can be seen as extending type theory with a generic program for lifting equivalences between types along any type family. Defining this lifting for all dependent types is quite subtle, but univalence has now been given a computational interpretation in various cubical type theories.A natural question is whether there are any directed analogues of homotopy type theory, where types are equipped with a notion of directed morphism and correspond to higher categories, generalizing groupoids. In such a setting, one possible directed analogue of univalence would circumscribe a class of type constructors that represent covariant functors, and provide a means to automatically lift a function or directed morphism along such a type constructor. Directed type theory with directed univalence has some potential applications to computer science that are not possible in ordinary homotopy type theory, such as providing a convenient language for coding the functorial specification of abstract syntax.One approach to directed type theory, developed by Riehl and Shulman, is based on equipping each type with both a notion of path and a separate notion of directed morphism. While ordinary homotopy type theory has models in simplicial sets, the Riehl-Shulman type theory is modeled in bisimplicial sets, capturing these two notions of path and directed morphism. While this suffices for formalizing mathematics, for applications to computer science we would like a computational interpretation of the type theory, and it is not yet known whether there are constructive models of homotopy type theory in simplicial sets.Thus we instead consider a cubical setting, and give a constructive model of a directed type theory with directed univalence in bicubical sets. We formalize much of this using Agda as the internal language of a topos, following Orton and Pitts.First, building on the cubical techniques used to give computational models of homotopy type theory, we show that there is a universe of covariant discrete fibrations with a partial directed univalence principle asserting that functions are a retract of morphisms in this universe. To complete this retraction into an equivalence, we refine the model using Coquand, Ruch, and Sattler's work on constructive sheaf models. We introduce the cobar modality and by restricting to fibrant types that are also cobar modal, we are able to complete our construction of directed univalence.We then describe a generalization of the fibrant Riehl-Shulman extension types defined in [62]. We prove this in the setting of an arbitrary presheaf category with respect to a new notion of fibrancy that is given by a generic filling problem. This abstraction is general enough to capture all of the current presheaf models of type theories and their classifications of types specified by filling problems. In addition, this result extends the potential syntax of these type theories to be able to internally express any of these filling problems as fibrant types. We use this to then define a type theory in which the user can internally define classifying universes for any such filling problem.Lastly, we overview our implementation of bicubical directed type theory focusing on a few interesting design decisions in regards to its syntax. As opposed to exposing the connections for the directed interval we chose to instead include inequality cofibrations directly in the syntax and omit connections, resulting in a syntax that is sufficiently expressive while providing substantial benefits computationally.

Dead Center: The New Democrats and the Transformation of Liberalism

Brandon, Jacqueline Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is a history of the New Democrats, a neoliberal bloc that rose to prominence in the Democratic Party between the 1970s and the 1990s. It focuses on the centrist political figures that ushered in a new world of supply-side economics, tough-on-crime policy, stripped-down welfare, and ramped-up militarization. Laying claim to the center was a complex move in these years: the spectrum itself was shifting as the Republican Party became increasingly reactionary, dragging the whole political infrastructure to the right alongside it.Four case studies comprise the dissertation: the chapters focus on the Coalition for a Democratic Majority (CDM) in the 1970s, The New Republic magazine and the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) in the 1980s and 1990s, and Hollywood donors to Bill Clinton's campaigns in the 1990s, before concluding with an epilogue on the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The actors-politicians and party regulars, journalists and editors, activists and strategists-spent decades hashing out where the party should stand on affirmative action, foreign policy, crime and policing, feminism, electoral reform and campaign finance. Charting the decline of the midcentury liberalism, historians tend to fix their gaze on partisanship and polarization. Conservative ascendence in electoral politics, media, popular debate, and intellectual institutions has likewise been well documented. Focusing on the extremes at both ends, scholars have neglected the machinations of the middle. This dissertation argues the liberals, too, had their ideological foot soldiers. For progressives, the realm of political possibility constricted in the last decades of the twentieth century.New Democrats sought both new constituents and new donors. Urban professionals and suburban swing voters supplanted the party's historic blue-collar base. The actors in this dissertation are united in their conviction that Democrats could finally, at long last, find a way out of the political wilderness of the Nixon and Reagan eras by courting would-be Republican voters. Dead Center is also about moderates' shifting relationship to the New Left, as the anti-identity politics dogma of the 1970s was supplanted by a politics of recognition and multiculturalism that came to characterize the mainstream of the party by the 1990s.

Modeling Interparticle Interactions in Gas-Particle Flows

Liu, Xiaoyu Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Flows of gas-particle mixtures are ubiquitous in nature and in various processes. Interparticle interactions, including van der Waals’ (vdW) interactions and electrostatic interactions, can significantly impact gas-particle flows through agglomeration, defluidization, and particle segregation. This dissertation focuses on modeling the effect of vdW interactions and electrostatic interactions on the dynamics of gas-particle flows.Particles pick up and exchange electrostatic charges through tribocharging, a process which is essential for modeling electrostatic interactions. We first develop and test a tribocharging model that can be coupled with particle flow simulations and used to probe the effect of charging on gas-particle flows. We study the effect of particle size on tribocharging through a combination of vibrated bed experiments and Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations of systems with different particle sizes, domain sizes, and wall materials and develop a phenomenological model that can capture this effect. In a similar approach, we investigate the effect of ambient gas on tribocharging using vibrated bed experiments and complementary DEM simulations and show that charge difference in different gases can be captured by imposing the gaseous dielectric strength as an additional constraint in the tribocharging model. We then discuss the modeling of dry powder inhalers (DPIs), a complex gas-particle system consisting of a very large number of particles. Since highly-resolved Computational Fluid Dynamics coupled with Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) is computationally expensive, we assess the efficacy of Discrete Parcel Method and the representative particle approach proposed in this dissertation. We discuss the viability and limitations of both approaches in a model inhaler by only considering vdW interactions and demonstrate the advantage of the representative particle approach. We finally present a computational study of agglomerate-wall collision tests considering both vdW and electrostatic interactions and show that deagglomeration is primarily affected by vdW interactions.

Escritura privada y subjetividad publica en America Latina: Entre el diario politico y el diario de autor (1895–2017) : Private Writing and Public Subjectivity in Latin America: Between the Political Diary and the Author’s Diary (1895–2017)

Lebron Rivera, Rodney Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2025 해외박사(DDOD)

Political-Military Integration The Relationship Between National Security Strategy and Changes in Military Doctrine in the United States Army and Marine Corps

Haelig, Carlton G Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation analyzes the interaction of changes in national security strategy with changes in individual military services' operational concepts and doctrine. It expands on existing analyses of changes in American grand strategy by focusing specifically on the responses of the United States military services to those changes. While a robust body of work exists on strategy and military innovation, much less research exists on the relationship between the two. The dissertation's theoretical framework explains how changes in grand strategy affect changes in military service behavior, how and why military services push back against changes in grand strategy, and how military services may independently influence changes in grand strategy by developing new warfighting and power projection capabilities. This dissertation draws on theory-based historical analysis to execute comparative case study research designs using archival sources- many of them recently declassified and being used in academic research for the first time. It relies on organizational theory, bureaucratic politics, civil-military relations, and international security studies to develop a set of hypotheses regarding when and why we should expect to see particular reactions from a given military service to a change in security strategy. These responses range from inaction or insubordination to pursuing radical change meant to integrate the service with new strategic objectives. Crucially, these outcomes also vary depending on the type of grand strategy pursued and how civilian officials implement that strategy. The empirical analysis includes seven case studies ranging from the Army and Marine Corps responses to the New Look strategy enacted in 1953 to the Army and Marine Corps efforts to shape American strategy in the 1980s with their respective AirLand Battle and Maneuver Warfare concepts.

Reconfigurable Hardware Acceleration with Synthesizable and Tightly Integrated FPGAs

Li, Ang Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2024 해외박사(DDOD)

The stagnant growth of general-purpose processors' performance has led to the rise of hardware acceleration, while the high non-recurring engineering costs of application-specific hardware accelerators have increased the popularity of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The growing diversity in FPGA applications motivates the design of domain-optimized FPGAs and their integration with other processing units like processors. These two research topics constitute the focus of this dissertation.Conventionally, FPGAs are built with customized electronic design automation (EDA) tools and large collections of custom-layout circuits. Therefore, it is costly and time-consuming to evaluate different FPGA architectures with transistor-level fidelity, let alone silicon prototyping or agile productionization of novel FPGAs. Addressing this issue, this thesis investigates synthesizable FPGAs that can be designed with off-the-shelf EDA tools. This thesis first presents the Princeton Reconfigurable Gate Array (PRGA), an open-source FPGA research and prototyping framework. Per userspecification, PRGA generates the synthesizable Verilog descriptions of a custom FPGA and all the necessary scripts to configure several other open-source FPGA tools into a complete Verilog-to-bitstream toolchain for the custom FPGA. Leveraging PRGA, this thesis then proposes an algorithm for designing intrinsically cycle-free FPGAs, enabling automated optimization and accurate characterization using off-the-shelf EDA tools. Cycle-free FPGAs offer comparable routability and performance to conventional synthesizable FPGAs while consuming less area.In complement to optimizing FPGA architectures, this thesis proposes a cache-coherent, manycore-FPGA system named Duet. Unlike commercial CPU-FPGA system-on-chips (SoC) in which a few processors play a supportive role for a single, monolithic embedded FPGA (eFPGA), Duet integrates multiple, possibly heterogeneous eFPGAs with a manycore processor, enabling two paradigms of acceleration: fine-grained acceleration, which partitions an application into small tasks and offloads the compute-intensive ones onto eFPGA-emulated accelerators, leaving the less accelerable tasks to the processors; hardware augmentation, which employs eFPGA-emulated hardware widgets to improve processor efficiency in certain execution models.The synthesizable FPGA design methodology and the Duet system are evaluated with two SoC prototypes, CIFER and DECADES, both fabricated in a Global-Foundries 12nm FinFET technology. This thesis details the design and characterization of the eFPGAs and CPU-FPGA interfaces on the two chips.

Berry Phase in Composite Fermi Liquids

Wang, Jie Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Two-dimensional electron gas in high magnetic field exhibits a wide variety of interesting physical properties. Perhaps most notable of these is the quantum Hall effect, which is a classic example of a topological phase. Another interesting phase occurs at even denominator filling fraction is the so-called "composite Fermi liquid". Such compressible phase is traditionally thought of as a Fermi liquid of "composite fermions" due to B. I. Halperin, P. A. Lee and N. Read (HLR).Composite Fermi liquid has gained renewed interest recently due to the particle-hole symmetry and Berry phase: when the lowest Landau level is half filled, the effective Hamiltonian is particle-hole symmetric. However, it is unclear how the HLR description realizes this symmetry. A key ingredient that was missing in HLR's treatment seems to be a PI Fermi sea Berry phase associated with transporting a composite fermion around the Fermi surface. Motivated by the symmetry and Berry phase, recently D. T. Son conjectured that composite fermions are relativistic Dirac particles. In Son's theory, particle-hole symmetry acts in a way akin to time reversal on Dirac fermions, and the PI Berry phase is a curvature singularity at Dirac node.A direct measurement of this PI Berry phase is one of the main results in this dissertation. We examined a model wavefunction that explicitly exhibits a Fermi surface, and has been shown to give good agreement with states found in exact diagonalization studies. We then formulated a many-body version of Berry phase for transporting a single composite fermion around a path in momentum space, and evaluated the Berry phase. To study the property of model wavefunction and Berry phase on larger system sizes, we developed "lattice Monte Carlo" technique based on a mathematically exact discretized formulation of holomorphic quantum Hall states on torus. Besides half filling, the Berry phase at 1/4 was found to be remarkably interesting: it suggests the emergence of Dirac fermion at generic filling fraction. Motived by this, an effective theory, dubbed as "flux attached Dirac fermion theory", which generalizes Son's theory and covers all filling fractions was proposed.

Probing Fundamental Cosmology with Galaxy Surveys

Philcox, Oliver H.E Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

The distribution of galaxies encodes a wealth of information about the early and late Universe, including its composition, initial conditions, and expansion history. Through the measurement of summary statistics such as the power spectrum and correlation functions, we can characterize the distribution, and thereby constrain the underlying parameters using likelihood analyses. This thesis considers a range of approaches for extracting information from large scale structure (LSS), extending previous works using new statistics, improved modeling, and enhanced analysis techniques.Firstly, we consider the galaxy power spectrum and bispectrum. Although many LSS analyses make use of the former statistic, few include the latter, owing to complexities in its measurement and modeling. In Part I of this thesis, we outline new approaches to estimate such quantities, obviating previous difficulties relating to the survey window function, and in Part II, present theoretical calculations of the power spectrum and bispectrum using the Effective Field Theory of LSS. Combining these, we can obtain precise constraints on cosmological and astrophysical parameters by fitting first-principles models to the observed statistics; in Part III, we explore the consequences for both the standard model (ΛCDM) and its extensions, in particular inflationary theories. Amongst other topics, we can shed light on the ‘Hubble tension’, utilizing measurements of the early-Universe ‘equality scale’; these results, and their cosmological interpretation, are discussed in Part IV.The remainder of this thesis is devoted to alternative approaches to describing the galaxy distribution. Part V considers a recently proposed statistic known as the marked power spectrum. Utilizing perturbation theory, we are able to understand its information content and purported utility, as well as derive rigorous models necessary to compare the statistic to observational data. Finally, Part VI describes the possibility of constraining cosmology with higher-order correlation functions via the development of efficient new estimators. These provide novel tests of the standard model: we show their ability both to constrain the gravitational four-point function and to search for hints of parity-violation in the late Universe.

Stimulated Raman Back-Scattering and Self-Guiding of Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Chen, Qiang Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Plasma has been proposed as the amplification medium for the next generation of ultra-high intensity lasers as it can sustain several orders of magnitude higher intensities than the thermal damage threshold of the solid-state optical elements, which is below 1012Wcm-2. Plasma-based Stimulated Raman Back-Scattering, SRBS, also known as Raman Amplification, seems to be a very efficient approach, although an energy transfer efficiency to the amplified seed did not reach 10% yet. Experiments and simulations on increasing efficiency and exploring better control of SRBS seed amplification were conducted at Princeton University. For example, particle-in-cell simulations help reveal the splitting of the amplified seed as a result of resonance slipping induced by the large pump chirp. In addition, a new scheme for SRBS was proposed, Stimulated Raman Near-Back-Scattering (SRNBS), while using a three-wave model, in which, by varying the pulse-front tilt angle of the pump, the length of the pump beam passing a plasma can be controlled. As a result, this new scheme may efficiently enhance the amplification, and at the same time, it could reduce the spontaneous Raman radiation that may pre-deplete the pump pulse. Simulations using the three-wave model was also applied to better understand the novel double-pass SRBS experiments. Landau damping and the frequency shift of Langmuir waves were identified as possible reasons for the low efficiency of single-pass amplifiers. In the double-pass scheme, those problems can be alleviated, due to plasma cooling between the two passes. Ionization assisted self-guiding of very tightly focused beams for more than 30 Rayleigh lengths was demonstrated with the transmission up to $80\%$. A cylindrical shock wave is necessary for the self-guiding and it is generated following the expansion of the plasma filament created by a laser line focus. As an intense femtosecond laser pulse propagates inside the shock wave, a small portion of the pulse's leading edge ionizes the neutrals near the inner wall of the cylindrical shock wave. Such created free electrons form a guiding structure for the trailing part of the pulse, which could enhance some laser-plasma interactions, including the recombination X-ray lasers developing in our lab.