(A) Pilot Study on the Farmland Elevation Ups Estimation Using DInSAR Technique

응웬 티투히엔 Kookmin University, Graduate School 2012 국내석사

Rapid detection of Shigella spp. from cabbage using real-time PCR and LAMP

인예원 Kookmin University, Graduate School 2012 국내석사

This study was conducted to find out the minimal time needed for detecting Shgella spp. which normally exists at very low concentration in foods, by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The invasion plasmid antigen H (ipaH) gene was used as target sequence. The detection limit of Shigella sonnei was analyzed 1.08x101 cfu/mL by real-time PCR. Microbial growth pattern was monitored after artificially inoculated cabbage for S. sonnei using Shigella broth. The growth curve was well fitted by the modified Gompertz model equation in Shigella broth during cultivation at 44℃, y=-0.005x2+0.464x+1.651 (R2=0.99). If assuming that S. sonnei is present in produce at low concentrations (1 cell in 25 g sample). The detection by real-time PCR and LAMP would be possible only when the microbial concentration is higher than detection limit. By analyzing the growth curve, the times required for reaching to the detection limit concentration were calculated as 9 h, and 8 h, respectively. As a validation test in artificially inoculated cabbage, real-time PCR and LAMP was identified as an effective detection method with rapidity than conventional culture method.

A Multi-OLT PON System and Its Operation Algorithms : 다중 OLT 를 갖는 PON 시스템 및 운용 알고리즘

파미다라우샨 Graduate School, Kookmin University 2012 국내석사

Current passive optical network (PON) has a single optical line terminal (OLT) and thereby it has weak service and protection capabilities. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture of PON that has multiple OLTs. The network sustains services from multiple service providers to access area and restores normal operation in faulty conditions. We propose Shared-bandwidth scheme for efficient downstream transmission from multiple OLTs. We also propose a modified Limited Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (Limited DBA) named mLimited DBA scheme for upstream transmission towards multiple OLTs. Performances of the proposed schemes are studied in terms of delay and throughput. Our simulation results show that the schemes can proficiently administrate the performance of the proposed network. We also present the way how the network can be used for protection purpose. We suggest the proposed Shared-bandwidth scheme and the existing Limited DBA scheme to improve the after-protection performance. It is estimated that the proposed protection scheme will enhance the survivability of PON ystem a lot, thereby obtain the reliability of the next-generation PON.

색상에 의존하지 않는 컬러공간 기반의 가시광 통신 시스템 성능분석

Pankaz Das Kookmin University Graduate School 2013 국내석사

Visible-light communication (VLC) systems should be compatible with all colors in the visible range. In this thesis, various aspects of a color-independent VLC system design, which is based on color-space, are explored including feasible light color spaces, potential constellation diagrams, data-to-light intensity mapping, and light intensity-to-data demapping. After describing the proposed VLC system and parameters essential for a color-space-based VLC system design, numerous methods of constellation design for generating a target color in a light color space are presented. We then propose a modulation scheme termed GCM (Generalized color modulation) for color-independent VLC systems. GCM is a color-space-based modulation scheme that can be used to transmit data symbols by varying light intensities of multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs), irrespective of the target colors of VLC signals. The mapping procedure is used to transform data symbol points into LED intensities. This proposed mapping procedure also incorporates two algorithms to calculate light intensity from the constellation point. And then, we determine the position of received signal point in the light color space at the receiver by manipulating the intensities of received signals from the photo detectors (PDs). Finally, we convert these received points to data symbols by matching them to the constellation points generated by the receiver. This proposed system is analyzed with an additive white Gaussian noise channel along with various color scenarios (single and multiple colors). We also investigate four cases to obtain the target color information at the receiver. In order to get the target color at receiver, a lookup table scenario is also presented. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme can be applied to the development of more efficient VLC system.

Isolation, Purification and Characterization of Compounds from DM Fraction of Rheum undulatum Roots and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activity against MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

정민지 Kookmin University Graduate School 2015 국내석사

Rheum undulatum Linn, a plant belonging to the polygonaceae family widely distributed in Asian countries. The root of this plant has traditionally been considered as an anti-neoplastic herb in China, Japan and Korea as well. Based on this, it was considered to explore its antineoplastic activity. The present study was aimed to identify the active compounds from DM fraction of R. undulatum extracts and the significance evaluation of their anticancer effects against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The fraction was subjected to column chromatography and the major eight compounds were purified using HPLC. Characterization of their chemical structures by NMR and Mass spectroscopy, the Com-1, -3 and -5 are anthraquinones such as physcion, emodin and chrysophanol. Com-4 and -7 are rhapontigenin and desoxyrhapontigenin, a derivative of resveratrol, and Com-2 is a sterol, beta-sitosterol. Com-6 is a primary aroma compounds, raspberry ketone. The structure of Com-8 was not characterization yet. The effects of compounds on proliferation, cellular and nuclear morphology were analysed by MTT assay, microscopical observation with and without Heochst 33342 staining, respectively. The results were represented that the Com-4, Com-7 and Com-8 possesses significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. These three compounds induce 50% cell death (IC50) are 41.07, 39.90 and 61.14 μg/ml, respectively. Detecting of cell cycle and Annexin-V/PI staining were performed by flow cytometry. These results suggested that three compounds induce apoptosis by increasing the G0/G1 arrest in MCF-7 cells. Further, Com-4, and -8 inhibits MMP activity by increasing generation of ROS. Com-7 are considered to induce apoptosis through mechanism unrelated ROS generation. This study indicated that the anti-cancer activities of these compounds and R. undulatum extracts would be a valuable candidate for the therapeutic agent. 대황(Rheum undulatum Linn)은 아시아 국가에 널리 분포하고 있는 마디풀과에 속하는 식물이다. 이 식물의 뿌리는 전통적으로 중국과 일본, 한국에서 항 종양성 약초로 여겨져 왔다. 이것을 기초로 하여, 대황은 항 종양 활성을 갖는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 대황 추출물의 DM fraction 으로부터 분리한 활성 물질을 규명과 그 물질들의 MCF-7 인체 유방암 세포에 대한 항암 활성을 평가하고자 하였다. DM fraction은 column chromatography를 이용하여 분리하였고, 8개의 major compounds는 HPLC 를 이용하여 정제하였다. 분리한 물질들의 화학 구조 규명은 NMR 과 mass spectroscopy를 이용하였고, Com-1, -3, -5는 anthraquinone류로, 각각 physcion, emodin, chrysophanol로 규명되었다. Com-4와 -7은 resveratrol 유도체로서, 각각 rhapontigenin과 desoxyrhapontigenin으로 확인되었으며, Com-2는 beta-sitosterol로 규명되었다. Com-6는 raspberry ketone으로 확인되었다. Com-8의 구조는 아직 규명되지 않았다. 세포 증식에 대한 물질의 효과는 MTT assay를 이용하여 분석하였고, 세포와 핵의 형태에 대한 물질의 효과는 Hoechst staining과 현미경 관찰을 통하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, Com-4, -7, -8이 MCF-7 인체 유방암 세포에서 증식을 억제하고 apoptosis를 유도하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이 세 물질의 IC50 값은 각각 41.07, 39.90, 61.14 μg/ml로 나타났다. Cell assay와 Annexin-V/PI staining은 flow cytometry를 이용하여 수행하였다. 그 결과, 세 물질은 MCF-7 세포에서 G0/G1 arrest를 증가에 의해 apoptosis를 유도하는 것으로 판단된다. 이에 더해, Com-4와 -8은 ROS의 발생을 증가시킴으로써 MMP 활성을 억제하는 것으로 판단된다. Com-7은 ROS 생성과 관계 없는 경로로 apoptosis를 유도하는 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 이러한 물질들의 항암활성을 확인하였고, 대황 추출물은 치료제로서 개발 가능성이 충분할 것으로 사료된다.

In-Situ Layering of Electrospun Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers on Hydrophobic Substrates for Fluid Transfer

박나영 Kookmin University Graduate School 2022 국내석사

Effect of laccase-catalyzed catechin polymers on digestive enzymes and cholesterol absorption in vitro

전소연 Kookmin University Graduate School 2013 국내석사

Catechin polymers were produced by laccase (12 U/mL) in a mixture of sodium acetate buffer (1% (+)-catechin, 100 mM, pH 5) and methanol (buffer:methanol = 95:5, v/v) for 24 hr at room temperature. The freeze-dried catechin polymers were recovered from precipitate after dialysis followed by centrifugation. Catechin polymers were further separated by serial ethanol (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100%) and acetone (20, 60, and 100%) extraction. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was remarkably increased by enzymatic polymerization and IC50 value of catechin polymers was decreased by 120 folds. Catechin polymers extracted with 20% ethanol were the potent fraction with IC50 value of 13 μM. The molecular weight of catechin polymers in the potent fraction was 575, 863, and 1151 Da and they were present as a mixture of dimer, trimer, and tetramer. In terms of antioxidant activity, catechin polymers (20% ethanol extract) showed greater superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity (IC50 = 606 μM) than that of catechin monomer (IC50 > 1000 μM). However, there was no significant difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity between catechin monomer and polymers. These results suggest that biological activity of catechin can be improved by oxidative enzymatic polymerization and catechin oligomers (2-4) have great potential as functional ingredient for prevention of type 2 diabetes and free radical related diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of enzymatically synthesized catechin polymers on lipid and cholesterol absorption in vitro. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was markedly increased by laccase catalyzed polymerization of catechin. The IC50 value of catechin polymers was decreased by 22 folds. Catechin polymers extracted with 20% ethanol showed the highest activity with IC50 value of 85 μM. Catechin polymers showed greater inhibitory effect on pancreatic cholesterol esterase than catechin monomer and the inhibitory activity of 20% ethanol extract was increased 2 folds by solvent extraction. The inhibitory effect on cholesterol incorporation in micelles increased in the order of catechin monomer, catechin polymers, and 20% ethanol extract of catechin polymers at 0.5 and 1 mM. It is suggested that catechin polymer may prevent postprandial hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, catechin polymer may be applied for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia.

(A)Study on Case in English and Mongolian : Genitive case marked subject

Vanchinsuren, Dashdavaa Kookmin University Graduate School 2013 국내박사

This thesis presents case licensing algorithms in English and Mongolian and deals with an aspect of case theory focusing on the case licensing of embedded subject of relative clause in Mongolian.In other words, the central empirical problem addressed is the question of the proper analysis of alternative case (Nominative, Genitive and Accusative) marked subject of relative clauses in Mongolian. In order to study alternative case marked subject of relative clauses in Mongolian, we focus on case licensing problems of Mongolian under the Theory of Government and Binding (its subsequent work) and extend and analyze these theories to accommodate the Mongolian Data. First, in accordance with parametric variation of case licensing, it is arguable to distinct cases into two parts like inherent and structural case in Mongolian. Adopting proposal by Kang (1986) we argue that genitive case in Mongolian is structural while it is inherent in English by Chomsky (1981). Second, we argue that relative clause with genitive case marked subject in Mongolian is complementizer phrase. Namely, embedded clauses appear to have both complementizer ge and genitive case marked subject due to the following parametric factors: the head final parameter and phrasal morphological Case. Third, in connection to Mood phrase in Mongolian, we illustrate that accusative case marked subject occurs in indicative, subjunctive and imperative mood phrases in Mongolian regardless tense. However, in English (ECM) accusative case marked subject occurs only in infinite clauses. Genitive case-marked subjects occur only in finite clauses in Mongolian and they don’t exist in subjunctive and imperative embedded clauses. Finally, based on these analyses of multi-layered functional category, we argue that embedded clauses in Mongolian have one more structure in comparison with canonical structure in English. More specifically, embedded clause with genitive case marked subject is focus phrase in connected with its semantic and syntactic evidences in Mongolian.

Fouling and Rejection Behavior of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Membranes

박승민 Kookmin University Graduate School 2013 국내석사

arbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have unique physico-chemical properties and have potential for a wide variety of applications, including purification, chemical separations, drug delivery, and sensing. When CNTs are used as pores of membranes, they appear to allow fast fluid flow due to their strong hydrophobicity and nano-scale structure. Accordingly, membranes made of CNTs, or CNT membranes, have drawn attention as an emerging technology for water treatment, and desalination. In this study, vertically aligned carbon nanotube membranes (VA-CNT membranes) were investigated as a novel method for water treatment. The VA-CNT membranes were prepared using forests of multi-walled CNTs, which were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The CNT had average inner diameter of 4.87 ± 0.87 nm, average outer diameter of 7.1 ± 0.87 nm, and the density of CNT is 6.8 × 1010 cm-², respectively. Epoxy resin was used to fill the gaps between CNTs. Then, the VA-CNT membranes were compared with polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membrane in terms of fouling propensity and rejection capability. Experimental results indicated that the VA-CNT membranes are sensitive to fouling. The initial water permeability of the VA-CNT membranes was higher than that of the UF membranes. However, a rapid decrease in water permeability occurred by irreversible fouling. This was explained by highly hydrophobic surface of the VA-CNT membranes. The rejection capability of the VA-CNT membranes was similar to that of the UF membranes. The size exclusion seems to be the major rejection mechanism for both membranes. To mitigate fouling propensity, surface modification by graft polymerization of methacrylic acid (MA) was attempted. As a result of the surface modification, carboxylic groups were introduced on the surface of the VA-CNT membranes, which were confirmed by the FT-IR and XPS. The contact angle of the VA-CNT membranes decreased after the surface modification, indicating that the surface became more hydrophilic. The surface modification was found to be effective to control membrane fouling. The contribution of irreversible fouling was significantly reduced after the surface modification. Moreover, the surface modification was effective to increase rejection of charged organics by the Donnan exclusion. In summary, we have found that fouling of VA-CNT membrane can be controlled by the surface modification technique based on the graft polymerization of MA. We have also confirmed that the rejection of charged organics can increased by the surface modification. These findings will provide insight into the further development of CNT-based membranes. CNT (carbon nanotube, 탄소나노튜브) 는 나노 크기의 물질로서 탄소원자들이 육각형의 벌집모양으로 서로 연결되어 있는 원통 구조로된 물질이다. CNT가 가지는 강한 강도, 높은 전기적 · 열적 전도성, 빠른 물질 전달 등의 뛰어난 물성으로 인하여 전자, 에너지, 의약, 환경, 연구 등의 산업적 응용가치가 대단히 높이 평가 되고있으며 CNT의 응용에 대하여 여러 분야에서 관심을 가지고 있다. 특히 최근에는, CNT를 이용한 수처리용 분리막에 제조에 대한 연구가 발표됐고 수처리용 분리막으로써 사용 가능성이 높게 평가되고 있다. 하지만, 실질적으로 나노 크기에서 성능을 분석하고 평가하는 것이 어렵고 숙련된 기술을 요구하기 때문에, CNT에 대한 실험적 연구 결과 보다는 분자 동역학 (molecular dynamic, MD)을 이용한 시뮬레이션 연구 결과가 보고되고 있다. 2004 년에 Hinds 등은 화학기상증착법 (chemical vapor deposition, CVD)를 이용하여 촉매 위에 다중벽 CNT를 성장시킨 후, 고분자 폴리스티렌 (polystyrene)을 침투시켜 수직배열된 CNT 막을 제조하였다. 이 연구에서 수용액 상의 3가 이온이 제거되며 상용화된 역삼투막 (reverse osmosis, RO) 막과 비교하여 약 100-1,000 배 향상된 투수율을 보고하였다. 이 후 2006 년에 Holt 등은 Hinds 등이 발표하였던 것보다 작은 2 nm 이하의 공극을 가진 수직배열된 CNT 막을 제조하였고, 상용화된 폴리카보네이트(polycarbonate) 막과 비교하여 CNT 막의 빠른 투과성을 확인하였다. 2008년에 Corry 는 분자동역학 시뮬레이션을 통해 6 Å 의 수직배열된 CNT 막에서 염 이온이 100% 제거된다고 보고하였다. 이러한 결과는 높은 투수율 (flux) 과 선택적 분리성 (rejection)을 가진 수직배열된 CNT 막의 제조가 가능하며, 수직배열된 CNT 막을 사용하면 기존 분리막 보다 에너지 효율적으로 담수화를 할 수 있을 거라고 전망하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수직배열된 CNT 막을 제조하였고, 막오염, 제거율과 같은 막의 거동에 대해서 평가하였다. 또한, 접목 중합 (graft polymerization) 반응을 이용한 표면 개질을 하여 수직배열된 CNT 막의 막오염과 제거율을 향상 방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 제조된 수질배열된 CNT 막은 공극크기가 비슷한 상용화된 한외여과 (ultrafiltration, UF) 막과 성능을 비교하였다. 연구에 사용된 수직배열된 CNT 막은 화학기상증창법을 이용하여 성장시킨 후 에폭시 (epoxy) 레진을 간극에 충진하여 제작하였다. 수직배열된 CNT 막은 평균 4.87 nm 내경과, 6.8 × 10^10 cm^-2의 밀도를 가졌다. 제조된 수직배열된 CNT 막은 한외여과막과 비교하여 비슷한 공극과 밀도를 가졌고 CNT의 높은 소수성과 매끄러운 표면에 의해 한외여과막 보다 2.5-10배 높은 투수율을 보였다. 그러나, 막오염의 측면에서 소수성의 CNT 표면에 유기물 (BSA)이 흡착되어 비가역적인 저항이 한외여과막 보다 높게 형성되었다. 수질배열된 CNT 막과 한외여과막의 제거율은 비슷한 경향을 나타냈으며 크기에 의한 배제가 주된 제거 기작으로 보였다. 산화 · 환원 반응 (redox polymerization) 을 이용하여 단량체를 막 표면에 접목 중합 (graf polymerization) 하여 음전하를 띈 고분자 체인을 형성하였다. FTIR과 XPS를 사용하여, 막 표면에 카르복실기가 형성되어진 것을 확인하였고, contact angle 측정을 통해 표면 개질 후 표면이 친수화 된 것을 확인하였다. 표면개질 한 수직배열된 CNT 막의 전체 저항은 표면개질 전보다 57.6 % 감소하였으며, 특히 비가역적인 저항은 91.9 %로 크게 감소하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 막의 제거기작의 변화를 확인하기 위해, BSA의 pH를 변화시켜 제거율의 변화를 확인하였다. pH 4.7 보다 pH 7.4 일때가 더 높은 제거율을 보였다. 이는 pH 4.7이 BSA 등전점으로 평균전하가 0 이기 때문이다. pH 7.4 일때, 표면에 형성된 카르복실기의 전기적 반발력이 제거율을 향상 시킨 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 도출 할 수 있었다. 수직배열된 CNT 막은 높은 투과율을 나타냈지만, 유기물이 막표면에 흡착되어 급격하게 막오염이 발생하였다. 또한, UF 막과 비슷한 제거율을 보였으며 10 nm 이상의 물질에 대해서는 제거가 가능하다. 접목 중합을 통해서 막 표면에 카르복실기가 형성되어졌으며 이로 인해 막의 오염에 대한 저항과 제거효율이 향상되었다.

(The)concepts of Clanism and Regionalism in Political Management of Ethnic Conflicts : Cases of 1990 and 2010 Ferghana Valley Ethnic Conflicts

게렐마 Kookmin University Graduate School 2015 국내석사

Abstract Contemporary Soviet Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, is having hard times. One of the most striking issues is existence of territorial and ethnic tensions in the Ferghana Valley, fertile but at the same time overpopulated and poor land which is shared among Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz part of the valley, administrative unit of Osh oblast in particular, had become a witness of two murderous ethnic conflicts between ethnic Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks since 1990: in 1990 and 2010. Both conflicts were severe; however, it differed in term of conflict management by government side. This paper is an attempt to find clear differences in ethnic conflict management procedures by government side of both 1990 and 2010 clashes that can be done if to look deeper on governments’ conflict management decision-making during and after conflicts occurred. Briefly, those differences lie in quick and effective responsiveness of Moscow in 1990 and chaotic decision-making of Bishkek in 2010. Influencing factors in focus in latter case are exacerbation of regional and clan rivalries on political level and strengthening of nationalist views on local level specifically. In a sum, in conditions of state newly independence those factors had played a vital role in inability of the state to solve nation problem which Osh conflict of 2010 was. Moreover, in order to understand ethnic essence of the abovementioned conflicts and relationships between two ethnic groups, this paper provides an overview of historical background of a region of the Ferghana Valley. An accent of this paper is given to recent case of inter-ethnic clashes of 2010 and Kyrgyz government’s lack of effective management of the conflict with a comparison to a previous case of 1990 with an important consideration that in 1990 Kyrgyzstan was a part of the Soviet Union. Political management in latter case is disclosing in light of three aspects: weakness of government solutions, fail of security forces, and dependence on external forces. Also, there is finding of a scale of 2010 conflict in an overview of immediate aftermath of the conflict.