モノリシック集積化二波長半導體レ―ザ構造に關する硏究 : Development of monolithically integrated two-wavelength laser diode structures

송준석 東北大學大學院 2003 해외박사

Compact multiple-wavelength light emitters attract much attention due to increasing requirements for a multi-functional optical pick-up module, ultra high density data storage, color-variable light source, medical equipment, and so on. We propose a novel one-chip-two-wavelength light source which consists of a separate confinement single-quantum-well (SCH-SQW) ZnCdSe/ZnSe/ZnMgBeSe heterostructure for blue-green light emitters grown on SCH-MQW InGaP/InGaAIP for red light emitting devices. The merits of this structure are as follows: 1) lattice matching epitaxial growth can be achieved for both III-V and II-VI materials on a GaAs substrate, 2) the band gap of these material systems covers a wide range from blue to infrared, therefore various combinations are possible, 3) both of the two material systems have been well studied, ZnSe-based materials are suitable for blue-green light emitting devices and InGaP/InGaAlP red light sources are commercially available, 4) moreover, since InGaP/InGaAlP red light emitters are usually grown on miscut (001) GaAs substrates to prevent natural ordering, it is expected that the crystallographic tilt of the substrate has large positive influences on the material quality and device performance of II-VI device, 5) simple packaging will be possible as a result of monolithic integration because the two emitting light sources can be placed in a few ㎛ distance from each other, which greatly simplifies the optics design. The purpose of this thesis is to show the feasibility of one-chip-two-wavelength light emitting device structure with vertical line-up of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown ZnSe-based II-VI structures on metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown InGaP-based III-V structures. To achieve this goal, we have to investigate, firstly, the effect of low-temperature grown ZnSe (LT ZnSe) buffer layers inserted in between high-temperature grown ZnSe (HT-ZnSe) and GaAs substrates to improve crystallinity of the ZnSe epilayers, secondly, the growth optimization of ZnSe on tilted GaAs (001) substrates, and lastly, the MBE growth and characterization of ZnCdSe/ZnSe/ZnMgBeSe quantum well structures on MOCVD grown a III-V red light emitter. This thesis consists of seven chapters. The first chapter describes the background and purpose of this thesis. The second chapter describes the experimental methods used in this study. MBE is used for material preparation and the grown samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The physical backgrounds of these methods are described. The third chapter discusses the effect of a LT-ZnSe buffer layer inserted in between the HT-ZnSe/GaAs heterointerface on the crystallinity of ZnSe. The crystal quality is greatly improved by inserting a LT-ZnSe buffer layer. In particular, the density of stacking faults is greatly reduced. The fourth chapter considers the growth optimization of MBE grown ZnSe on GaAs (001) substrates tilted by 15° toward [110] by adjusting the beam equivalent pressure (BEP) ratio and growth temperature. We optimized the growth of a HT-ZnSe epi-layer with LT-ZnSe buffer by minimizing Ga-Se reaction at the heterointerface m the initial stage of growth. The optical and structural properties of the ZnSe film with LT-ZnSe and GaAs buffers are also analyzed by photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), which show very large intensity ratio of near-band-edge to deep level emission, narrow line width of (004) rocking curves, and abrupt ZnSe/GaAs heterointerface under the optimum growth condition, respectively, The fifth chapter is devoted to the control and determination of ZnMgBeSe alloy composition. The composition of the ZnMgBeSe alloys is confirmed by inductive couple plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for the first time in Be-chalcogenides. The sixth chapter shows the feasibility of one-chip-two-wavelength light sources with ZnCdSe/ZnSe/ZnMgBeSe blue-green emitting structures on InGaP/InGaAlP red light emitters. The proposed novel light-emitting device structure clearly shows the feasibility of the II-VI/III-V integrated light emitter through optical-pumping experiment. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed one-chip-two-wavelength light emitting device structure with a vertical line-up of MBE grown ZnSe-based II-VI structures on MOCVD grown InGaP-based III-V structures.

アラキドン酸に特異的な新しいラツト脂肪酸活性化酵素の構造と性質

강만종 東北大學大學院 1996 해외박사

세포막의 인지질로 부터 유리된 아라키든산의 일부분은 생리 활성물질인 프 로스타글란딘과 루코트리엔으로 변환되어 염증반응등 다양한 반응을 일으킨다 프로스타글란딘과 루코트리엔으로 변환되는 아라키든산은 유리 아라키든산의 약5%이며 나머지의 아라키든산은 아실 CoA 합성효소에 의하여 아라키드닐 CoA 로 변환되어 인지질로 다시 에스테르화 된다. 이러한 메카니즘에 의하여 아 라키든산으로 부터 생리 활성이 높은 프로스타글란딘과 루코트리엔의 생성이 조절 된다고 보고 되고있다. 그러나 이러한 역할을 수행하는 아라키든산에 특이적인 아실 CoA합성효소의 실체는 효소학적 방법에 의하여 존재여부가 제 시되고 있으나 그 실체는 불분명하다. 본 연구에서는 아라키든산과 에이코사펜타엔산에 특이적인 새로운 흰쥐 아 실 CoA 합성효소의 cDNA를 단리하고 그 구조 및 성질을 명확히 했다. 이 cDNA은 개시 코돈 ATG로 부터 2010염기, 670개의 아미노산으로 구성된 단일 번역 영역을 가지고 있다. Northern blot 결과 이 효소는 부신에 가장 높은 발현을 보이고, 지방 조직, 뇌, 폐, 간장에서도 검출되었다. 또한 뇌 발달 과정에서는 미에린의 형성전의 시기에 가장 높은 발현을 하고 있어 이 효소가 뇌 발달에 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있는 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 Genomic D NA의 Southern blot에 의하면 이 유전자는 X-염색체에 존재할 가능성을 제시 하고 있다. 이 효소를 대장균에 발현 시키고 재조합 단백질을 정제한 다음 반응 속도론적 해석을 행한 결과, 이 효소는 포화지방산과 불포화지방산중에 아라키돈산과 에이코사펜타엔산에 대하여 높은 친화성을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인 되었다. 또한 이 효소는 세포 분획법에 의하여 해석한 결과 미토콘드리 아, 페옥시솜, 미크로솜에 존재 했다. 이상과 같은 결과는 지금까지 증명되 지 않은 아라키돈산에 특이적인 아실 CoA 합성효소의 존재를 분자생물학적 방 법으로 증명하고 그 성질을 제시 하고 있으며, 아라키돈산으로 부터 프로스타 글란딘의 대사 메카니즘을 재구성 하는데 중요한 기초적 지식을 제시하고 있 다. Based on the development of a direct mini-emulsification technique, uniform latexes of anionically polymerized deuterated polystrene (DPS) and protonated polystyrene (HPS) were prepared. One group of samples consisted of six mol percent DPS particles with molecular weight 150,000 g/mol with the balance being HPS of the same molecular weight. Another group consisted of the same proportions of the two components but the molecular weights were 185,000 g/mol and 200,000 g/mol, respectively. Films from both groups were annealed at several temperatures above Tg for various periods of time, and characterized by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In addition, 100 % HPS films were prepared to determine the tensile strength of the films for correlating with the SANS data. rates Direct mini-emulsified latex films had greater interdiffusion and higher tensile strengths than conventional emulsion polymerized latex system at similar molecular weights and annealing times. These differences may be due to the polydisperse nature of the molecular weight distribution and/or to the large and polar chain end groups of the emulsion polymerized system. The average interpenetration depth of deuterated polystyrene chains was dependent on the one-fourth power of the annealing time up to the reptation time. This power law value w a s shifted to just above the one-half power after-the reptation time, roughly consistent with Wool's minor chain reptation model. The diffusion coefficients from the SANS data were 2.4×10-16 cm2/sec for Mn=l50,000 g/mol, and ㎠/sec for Mn=l85,000 g/㏖ at annealing temperature of 135OC. The diffusive activation energies of the present system were 48 and 55 kcal/mol for the molecular weight 150,000 and 185,000 g/mol, respectively, in the temperature range of 125≤T≤155℃. Initially, tensile strength increased with annealing time to the one-half power. The samples reached full tensile strength of 33 MPa at an interpenetration depth of 90-100 Å for Mn=l50,000 g/mol and 38 MPa at 105-115 Å for Mn=l85,000 g/mol. These interpenetration depth data are comparable to 0.81 times of the radius of gyration of the whole polystyrene chain predicted by theory. The tensile strength curve as a function of annealing time goes through a maximum, then levels off, most likely due to a change in the fracture path from through the particle-particle interface to through the particle at annealing times of about 30 and 60 minutes for Mn=150,000 and 185,000 g/mol, repectively. In order to see the effect of co-surfactants (cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol) as a plasticizer, mimi-emulsified latex films containing 1.5 wt % co-surfactants were characterized by SANS and tensile strength. Polymer diffusion rates at times shorter than the reptation time were not significantly affected by co-surfactants; at times longer than the reptation time the diffusion rate increased with the addition of a small amount of co-surfactant. The activation energy (30 kcal/mol) from the Arrhenius plot was found to be lower than that of the pure polystyrene latex (48 kcal/mol).

二相式水素生成プロセスに關する基礎的硏究 : A fundamental study of two-stage hydrogen production process

고인범 東北大學大學院 2002 해외박사

マルチメディア通信システムにおけるエ―ジェント知識の構成に關する硏究

이성축 東北大學大學院 2001 해외박사

OFDM 移動體通信用電流モ―ド信號處理の硏究

김성권 東北大學大學院 2002 해외박사

あらゆる情報をいかなる狀況においても通信可能とするユビキタスネットワ―クの具體的實現方法として、携帶電話とホットスポットの相補的運用が檢討されている。ホットスポットとは人人が集まる場所に無線LAN (local area network)のアクセスポイントを設置し、高速アクセスを提供する方式である。このホットスポットを實現する通信方式として、OFDM (orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing: 直交周波數分割多重) 通信方式があげられる。OFDM 通信方式は信號をFFT (fast Fourier transform)處理することで20Mbps以上の高速通信を實現する方式として、現在有望視されている。しかし、從來の端末構成では、消費電力がA/D 變換器、D/A 變換器、DSP (digital signal processing) FFT LSI で合計700mW 以上であり、移動體端末には適さない。本論文はOFDM 方式移動體端末の低消費電力化を目指して、A/D·D/A 變換不要な電流モ―ド回路を用いた低消費電力FFTLSI を提案したものであり、全文5 章よりなる。 第1章は序論である。 第2章では、OFDM 用電流モ―ドFFT LSI を實現するために必要なカレントミラ―回路及びカレントメモリ回路など、電流モ―ドアナログ信號處理について述べている。電流モ―ドアナログ信號處理を用いることで、消費電力が大きいA/D·D/A 變換器が不要なシステム構成が可能であることを示した。このシステム構成は、OFDM 端末の消費電力を大幅に低減する效果が期待でき、實用上非常に有用な知見である。 第3章では、電流モ―ドFFT LSI を用いたOFDM 無線通信システム構成とFFT 演算の電流モ―ドLSI 設計手法を提案している。電流モ―ドFFT LSI の小型化·低消費電力化手法としてRounding Process を提案し、ビット誤り率(BER) 特性の計算機シミュレ―ションより、0.2step 以下のRounding Process を用いたLSI 設計が適切であることを示した。また、設計段階で電流源の個數を數えることで、消費電力を算出できることを示した。さらに8point FFT LSI を試作し、電流重み付け回路のDC Offset 電流誤差が實用上問題であることを明らかにした。この成果はOFDM 移動體通信用低消費電力FFT LSI を設計する上で實用上極めて重要な知見である。 第4章では、電流モ―ドFFT LSI の設計手法を確立するために、DC Offset 電流誤差を低減した重み付け回路の提案·實證を行っている。提案した重み付け回路はゲ―ト幅が等しいMOS トランジスタのみ使うことでDC Offset 電流誤差を低減した。提案した重み付け回路を用いて、回路の小型化と低消費電力化を兩立する改善化Rounding Process を提案した。計算機シミュレ―ションによるBER 特性評價を行った結果、BER 10^(-4) におけるE_(b)/N_(0) 劣化は、0.2step FFT LSI より0.2dB 改善し、實用上問題ない0.3dB 以下になることを示した。電流モ―ドFFT LSI を再試作し、電流重み付け回路の動作確認を行った。再試作したFFT LSI はFFT 演算を1 クロックで處理可能のため、演算時以外の不要電流をカットすることで、64point 電流モ―ドFFT LSI の消費電力が7mW、またV/I·S/P 變換器などまで含めたベ―スバンド部端末構成の消費電力が15mW 以下となることを示した。これは、從來の同等の端末構成が700mW 以上であったことから、提案したFFT LSIは消費電力の大幅な削減效果があることを示しており、移動通信端末の低消費電力化のための重要な成果である。 第5章は結論である。 以上要するに本論文は、OFDM 方式移動體端末の低消費電力化を目指して、A/D·D/A變換不要な電流モ―ド回路を用いたFFT LSI の低消費電力化を達成したものであり、無線通信工學ならびに集積回路工學の發展に寄與するところが少なくない。よって、本論文は博士(工學) の學位論文として合格と認める。

デュアルセシウムイオンビ-ムスパッタリングによるB-C-N 薄膜の合成とその機械的および電氣化學的特性に關する硏究

변응선 東北大學大學院 2002 해외박사

音像の距離定位に關する硏究

김해영 東北大學大學院 1999 해외박사

日本語における外來語アクセントの硏究

이향란 東北大學大學院 1995 해외박사

Ⅰ. 외래어 액센트의 특징과 변화 Ⅰ장에서는 昭和 26年부터 약40년간의 일본어의 외래어 액센트가 어떻게 변화 해왔는가, 그 변화의 諸相과 요인을 명확히 구명하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 조사한 결과, 액센트가 변화하는 요인으로 음운적구조, 단어의 성질, 사용자 의 의식문제, 원어액센트 영향 등을 들 수 있다. 변화의 양상으로는 6개 패 턴으로 나눌수가 있는데, 그 중에서 가장 현저하게 나타난 패턴은, 액센트의 평판화이다. 이것은 변화한 액센트의 38%나 차지한다. 종래의 연구에서는 외래어 액센트를 결정하는 요인으로, 원어액센트와는 전혀 무관하다고 주장 하여 왔는데, 본 연구에서 밝혀진 바로는, 외국어가 일본어에 들어올 때는, 和製語(일제어)는 별도로 하고, 모든 단어가 처음부터 고유의 액센트가 부여 되는 것이 아니라, 오히려 원어 액센트에 충실한 액센트로 들어오는 것도 있 고, 일본어에 정착함에 따라 그 拍數에 특징적인 액센트형을 가지게 되기도 하고, 일부는 음운적 조건, 그리고 정착의 정도에 따라 평판형으로 되는 단 어도 있다고 결론 지을 수가 있다. Ⅱ. 외래어 액센트의 음운적 요인분석 외래어는 일반적으로 인정되는 액센트 원칙(법칙)이 존재하지만, 종래의 원칙 으로는 설명이 되지 않는 단어들이 상당수 나타났다. 그래서 2장에서는 이러 한 단어들의 음운적 요인을 검토하고, 전체를 통하여 새로운 원칙을 세우기로 했다. 즉 -- 외래어는 원칙으로 뒤에서 3번째 拍에 액센트가 온다. 그러나 語末에 「-,ン,ス,ル」, 뒤에서 2번째 拍에 「ン,ッ」이 올 경우에는 액센트 핵은 1拍 앞으로 당겨진다. -- Ⅲ. 외래어 액센트의 방언차 외래어 액센트의 방언차는 어느정도 있는가? 이것을 확실히 하기 위하여, 東 京語·京都語·大阪語 3개의 방언 액센트를 각각 대응시켜 검토했다. 그 결 과, 동경어에서는 特殊拍 「ッ」이 액센트핵을 앞으로 당기는 작용을 하지는 경도어·대판어에서는 「ッ」拍에 액센트를 두는 경향이 강하다. 그리고 경 도어보다 대판어가 동경어와 일치하는 액센트가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이 것은 경도의 보수적인 성격과 관계 있다고 볼 수 있다. The degree of and the cognitive basis for the generalizability of academic self-efficacy were examined among 588 high school students from the greater Los Angeles area. A total of 42 problems selected from English, Spanish, US history, algebra, geometry, and chemistry were presented for inquiring students efficacy perceptions. Hypotheses were made that academic self-efficacy would generalize beyond a boundary of a single task or school subject and that the degree of such generalization would depend on the degree of perceived similarity among tasks. Additional eight pairs of isomorphic algebra and physics problems were presented in order to examine the relationship between similarity perceptions and self-efficacy generalization more closely. Confirmatory and hierarchical confirmatory factor analyses revealed that students efficacy perceptions clearly generalized over the confines of specific tasks and also of specific school subjects, albeit to a lesser degree. Among the confirmatory factor analysis models tested, the one that specified six separate first-order academic self-efficacy factors for each school subject demonstrated the best fit to the empirical data. Two second-order factors, Verbal and Quantitative Academic Self-Efficacy, were able to explain the covariances among the six first-order factors significantly better than a single second-order factor, General Academic Self-Efficacy. Unlike findings from most academic self-concept studies, Verbal and Quantitative Academic Self-Efficacy factors were positively and significantly correlated. Also, there was greater generalizability of academic self-efficacy among math and science subjects than among verbal ones. The generalizability of academic self-efficacy depended, in part, on the degree of perceived similarity among tasks. Students categorized English, Spanish, and US history as similar verbal subjects and algebra, geometry, and chemistry as similar quantitative subjects. These results were consistent with the finding that first-order academic self-efficacy factors for the three verbal and three quantitative subjects were highly correlated among themselves. Students also reported more comparable levels of self-efficacy as they perceived greater similarity in the set of algebra-physics problem pairs presented. Subject-specific and more global measures of academic self-efficacy (verbal and quantitative) were able to preserve the strong predictive utility for students effort expenditure and academic achievement.

超音波による溶接部材のけっかん寸法と强度の評價にかんする基礎的硏究

강정호 東北大學大學院 1998 해외박사

구조물에는 주조 시에 도입되는 게재물, 시공 시의 용접 결함, 노화와 손상에 의한 결함등이 존재한다. 이러한 결함들 중에서 용접 시공 시에 도입되는 용접 결함이 구조물의 수명에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다, 따라서, 용접 결함재를 어떻게 평가할 것인가 하는 것은 구조물의 건전성 평가에 중요한 문제일 것이다. 그리고, 사용자들은 정확한 강도 평가에 의한 건전성의 확보를 요구하고 있다, 그러나, 현재 이러한 건전성을 확보하는데 운용되고 있는 비파괴 검사에서는 강조 평가에는 이르지 않고, 정기 검사에 의한 결함의 유무, 결함의 위치, 결함의 길이 등을 검출해 냄으로 해서 건전성을 평가하고 있다, 이것은 결함재의 강도 평가에는 결함의 길이와 더불어 결함의 높이(재료 두께 방향의 결함 길이)의 검출을 필요로 하고, 이러한 구조물의 결함 높이를 평가할 수 있는 비파괴 검사법에 대한 연구 활발히 행해지고 있지만, 정밀도와 유용성의 문제로 아직 실용화되어 있는 검사법이 확립되어 있지 않은 데에 그 원인이 있다. 그리고, 정확한 강도 평가에 의하지 않고, 결함 길이 등에 의한 구조물의 건전성 평가는 그 안전성을 과대 평가 혹은 때에 따라서는 결함을 간과함으로써 사고를 초래하는 등의 경제적 손실을 야기한다. 본 연구에서는 용접 결함 중에서도 강도에 가장 영항이 큰 자연 균열을 용접부에 도입하여 만든 용접 균열 시험편을 제작하여, 시험편에 내재하는 균열 크기(결함 길이와 높이)를 비파괴 검사법 중에서 방사선 투과 시험과 최근 개발된 자동 초음파 탐상 시험(전 파형 수록형)으로 검출하고, 그 검출 정도가 강도 평가에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 비파괴적으로 검출된 결함 크기의 검출 정도는 파괴 시험 시 결함 변화가 적은 액체 질소 온도의 파단면을 광학 현미경을 이용하여 측정한 실제의 결함 크기와 비교 하였다. 그리고, 이러한 검출 정도가 강도 평가에 미치는 영향은 현재 강도 설계와 사고 해석에 이용되고 있는 Newman-Raju식(유한 요소법을 이용한 응력 해석법)에 검출 결함 크기와 실제 결함 크기를 각각 적용하여 비교함으로써 검토하였다, 그 결과, 결함의 길이 측정은 63%, 결함의 높이 측정은 95%의 정도로 측정되었고, 이러한 검출 정도가 강도 평가에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 결함 길이 측정의 경우는 최대 15%, 결함 높이 측정의 경우는 최대 30%의 정도를 가진다는 것을 검증하였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여, 본 연구에서는 특히 아직 실용화되어 있지 않는 구조물의 결함 높이에 대한 정도있는 비파괴 검사법을 제안하였고, 구조물의 비파괴적 건전성 평가에 이러한 시스템 적용의 유용성을 검토하였다. き裂入り大型溶接試驗體を用いて, 超音波探傷試驗により溶接部に導入した人工き裂について, き裂長さa, き裂高さb, き裂深さhを非破壞的に檢出し, 測定精度を檢討した後, を非破壞的に檢出したき裂寸法により推定される非破壞的强度評價への影響を調べ, 實破壞强度と比較し, その精度について檢討した結果, 以下の結論を得た. 1. 構造部材に內在するき裂長さの測定について, 放射線透過試驗より超音波探傷試驗が有效であり, 超音波探傷試驗のき裂長さの測定精度は63%であった. (第6章) 2. き裂高さの測定について, 構造部材に適用できるき裂高さの測定方法を檢討し, 最適の檢出レベルを提案した. その結果, 95% (4mm) の精度を持つ事を確認した. (第6章) 3. き裂長さやき裂高さの非破壞的測定精度が强度推定に及ぼす誤差を檢討した結果, き裂長さの測定精度を强度に換算すると, ばらつきが14%になり, き裂高さの測定精度を强度に換算すると, ばらつきが30%になり, き裂寸法 (き裂長さとき裂高さ兩方)の測定精度を强度に換算すると, ばらつきが39%であった. (第7章) 4. 非破壞檢査で檢出したき裂寸法の測定ばらつきが若干大きい事に對し, 强度的にはばらつきが少なく評價している事から, 本硏究の强度評價に用いて破壞力學の解析手法の特性が見られた. (第7章) 5. 構造部材を非破壞的强度評價するのに前提されたいる內部缺陷と表面缺陷の區別に使われている缺陷深さの測定は, 超音波探傷試驗により可能性が見られた. (第7章) 6. 本硏究の超音波探傷に利用した超音波自動探傷システム (AUT) は, き裂入り溶接試驗體のき裂を檢出し, 實寸法と比較し, また强度的に檢討した結果, き裂高さの非破壞的測定技術として有效である事を確認した. (第6章, 第7章) 7. 非破壞的推定强度と實破壞强度を比較した結果, 偏りが見られ, 非破壞的推定强度が大きく評價した. この原因は, 破壞靭性の測定方法によると考えられる. (第7章)

中區病舌診定量硏究

崔敏圭 東北大學大學院 2000 해외박사

Inspection of tongue is an important objective index for the diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM). We can estimate prosperous or insufficient conditions of Qi and blood in Zang Fu systems, differentiate the property of evils, identify superficial or deep in the position of diseases, forejudge the development and prognosis of diseases, according to the changes of both the fur and the nature of the tongue. In TCM, Inspection of tongue pays an important role in the diagnosis of apoplexy. But the recent studies of the inspection of tongue for apoplexy are almost confined to observation only by unaided eye , or laid particular emphasis on its local pathology and substance basis by the half-quantification methods such as color-compared or score-counted, they may reduced the accuracy and objectivity of the diagnosis. Toward to quantify inspection of tongue , provide evidence for clinical diagnosis of apoplexy, we made an deeply investigation of the condition of tongue , and establish the expert's system of inspection of tongue on the basis of the theory of hue and vision in computer. Patients All 378 patients were selected from the outpatient and inpatient in neuropathy department, senile diseases deparhnent, emergency department of XIYUAN hospital during Oct , 1999 to Mar, 2000. Criteria for diagnosis 1. Criteria for diagnosis in west medicine: According to the criteria for the diagnosis of cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction formulated by the fourth academic conference for cerebral vessels diseases in 1995. 2. Criteria for diagnosis in TCM: According to the criteria for the diagnosis of apoplexy formulated by encephalopathy emergency co-operation of Governmental Administration for TCMP in 1995. 3. Criteria for staged diagnosis of apoplexy: According to the criteria of "Guide principle for clinic study in the treatment of apoplexy by new drug of Chinese herbal medicine" issued by China Ministry of Public Health. 4. Criteria for syndrome differentiation of apoplexy: According to the criteria of classification of apoplexy in "ZY/T001.1-001.9-94" issued by Governmental Administration for TCMP. Materials of patients All 378 patients (252 men, 126 women; age range 41-48 yr; mean age 60.27+-10.21 yr in cerebral infarction group, and 58.48+-9.81 yr in cerebral hemorrhage group ) were diagnosed according to those criteria above-mentioned. There were 256 cerebral infarction patients (147 Atherosclerosis thrombus cerebral infarction, 37 cerebral embolism, 72 lacuna cerebral infarction) and 122 cerebral hemorrhage patients (51 basipodite hemorrhage, 30 thalamencephalon hemorrhage, lobe of brain hemorrhage, 5 cerebella hemorrhage,4 brain stem hemorrhage) in our study. All patients could be discerned to 214 cases at acute case period, 98 cases at convalescence period and 66 cases at sequelae period . Methods "The expert's system of inspection of tongue in TCM" was the result of "Study on the method of auto-differentiation of Inspection of tongue in TCM " subsidized by Science and Technology Fund of Chinese Government (No. 38705347), and was accomplished by XIYUAN hospital of China academe for TCM , tsinghua university and pulisheng corporation. Operating system of Windows 98 , application program of Office, camera driver and image manipulation system of Olympus, statistical software of SAS were used in our study. Results Quantification study for the nature of the tongue in apoplexy patients. 1. Distribution of color of the tongue in 378 apoplexy patients. Dim redness tongue of 98 cases(4S.79%) was the most frequent by observing in 214 apoplexy patients at acute period. Secondly was weak dim tongue of 38 cases, had 17.76 percentage. There was a statistically significant difference between the rate of dim redness and other colors tongue at acute period (P<0.01). Weak dim tongue was detected in 45 cases, had the highest rate of 45.92% in patients at convalescence period. 16 cases (16.33%) showed dim redness tongue . Statistically significant difference was obtained between weak dim tongue and other colors tongue in patients at convalescence period (P<0.01). Weak dim tongue also had the highest percentage (23 cases ,34.85%) in 66 patients at sequelae period, but this difference was not statistically significant when compared to other colors tongue (P>0.05). 2. Distribution of the nature and shape of the tongue in apoplexy patients. In terms of the corpulent or thin to judged a condition of the tongue body in all of the patients, we found corpulent tongue had the highest percentage of 28.57% in convalescence period groups, thin tongue had the highest percentage of 12.12% in sequelae period groups, but no statistically significant differences were obtained when compared respectively between the groups (P>0.05). In terms of the tongue having teeth marks or not , we found that 30 cases (45.45%) displayed the tongue with teeth marks at convalescence period, and were more common than did at other periods , but this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results also indicated : (1)Dim redness tongue of 128 cases (33.86%) was the most frequent by observing among all of the 378 apoplexy patients . Statistically significant difference was found between dim redness tongue which had lower values of R, G, B compared with weak dim tongue , pale tongue and weak redness tongue (P<0.01). (2)There were 106 cases (28.04%) with weak dim tongue among all of the 378 apoplexy patients . Statistically significant difference was found between weak dim tongue which had lower values of R, G, B compared with pale tongue(P<0.01). (3)Crimson tongue was detected in 37 cases (9.79%) among all of the 378 patients. Crimson tongue had lower values of R, G, B with statistically significant difference (P<0.05, P<0.01) compared with dim redness tongue , weak dim tongue , pale tongue, weak redness tongue respectively. (4)Pale tongue was detected in 36 cases (9.52%) among all of the 378 patients. The R, G, B values of pale tongue were higher than those of dim redness tongue , weak dim tongue ,weak redness tongue, crimson tongue , purple redness tongue , livor tongue, and statistically significant differences were found(P<0.05,P<0.01). (5)Purple redness tongue was detected in 33 cases (8.73%) among all of the 378 patients. The R, G, B values of purple redness tongue were lower than those of crimson tongue , dim redness tongue , weak dim tongue , pale tongue, weak redness tongue, and statistically significant differences were found(P<0.01). (6)Weak redness tongue was detected in 23 cases (6.09%) among all of the 378 patients. The R, G, B values of weak redness tongue were lower than those of pale tongue, and statistically significant difference was found (P<0.01). (7)Livor tongue was detected in 15 cases (3.97%) among all of the 378 patients. The R, G, B values of livor tongue were lower than those of purple redness tongue, crimson tongue , dim redness tongue , weak dim tongue , pale tongue, weak redness tongue, and statistically significant differences were found (P<0.01).Quantification study for the fur in apoplexy patients. 1. Distribution of color of the fur over the tongue in apoplexy patients. (1) Thick, yellow and greasy fur was observed most commonly among the 214 patients at acute period, occupied 66 cases (30.84%). In sequence, thick and yellow fur occupied 44 cases (20.56%); thin, yellow and greasy fur occupied 36 cases (16.32%); thin and yellow fur occupied 16 cases (7.48%); yellow and brown fur occupied 8 cases (3.74%). The cases of thick, yellow and greasy fur, thick and yellow fur, thin and yellow fur showed statistically significant differences (P<O.OS,P<0.01) when compared respectively with other fur among patients at acute period. (2) Thin and yellow fur occupied a high amount (28 cases, 28.57%) in apoplexy patients at convalescence period. Secondly, thick ,white and greasy fur presented in 17 cases of apoplexy (17.35%). No statistically significant differences were obtained at convalescence period when compared the cases of thin and yellow fur , thick, white and greasy fur with those of other fur (P>0.05). (3) Among 66 apoplexy patients at sequelae period, 20 cases (30.30%) showed thin, white and greasy fur and occupied the highest amount. In sequence, thick and white fur occupied 12 cases (18.18%); thick, white and greasy fur occupied 11 cases (16.67%); thin and white fur occupied 7 cases (10.61%). Every kinds of white fur totalled up to 50 cases (75.76%) at sequelae period, and every kinds of yellow fur up to 15 cases (22.73%). There was statistically significant difference between the sum of white fur and yellow fur (P<0.01). 2. Feature of the RGB distribution of the fur in apoplexy patients. Statistically significant differences were obtained from the comparison of R/G and R/B values of every kind of fur in all apoplexy patients by variance analysis (P<0.01). The index of the thickness of thin and white fur ,thin , white and greasy fur, thick and white fur, thick, greasy and white fur showed statistically significant differences in all white fur (P<0.05,P<0.01). There were statistically similar differences between the index of the thickness of thin and yellow fur ,thin, yellow and greasy fur , thick and yellow fur , thick , yellow and greasy fur , yellow and brown fur in all yellow fur (P<0.01). Study for RGB values of the nature of the tongue and the fur in various kinds of Syndromes of apoplexy patients. Study for RGB values of the nature of the tongue in every Syndrome of 378 apoplexy patients. We found that the R, G , B values of both the syndrome of deficiency of Qi and blood stasis, and the syndrome of pathogenic wind-phlegm blocked vessels were higher than those of other three kinds of syndromes . Statistically significant differences were obtained (P<0.05).From the comparison of R/G and RB values, statistically significant differences were also obtained between various kinds of syndromes in all of the 378 apoplexy patients (P<0.05,P<0.01). In terms of the index of the thickness about fur , the index of the syndrome of accumulation of phlegm and heat in the Fu-organ was the highest , and presented statistically significant difference when compared with that of other kinds of syndromes (P<0.05).From two aspects of the nature of the tongue and the fur, we prosecuted our studies to quantify the syndrome of apoplexy, in order to provided a basis to the standard and the quantification of the syndrome of apoplexy. We wait for a more deep and more meticulous study, for making a contribution to TCM propagating all over the world. Key Words: apoplexy inspection of tongue Quantification study