시뮬레이션을 활용한 강교 공급사슬 생산성 향상 : 자원할당과 진도관리를 중심으로

이재일 충북대학교 2023 국내석사

The construction industry tries to improve the productivity of the construction supply chain through technological innovations. As part of that, a modular construction method is proposed. However, there is a difficulty in improving productivity because it is still managed based on the manager's experience. Therefore, there is a need for a reasonable operation management methodology to replace the managers' experience. To evaluate the productivity of methodologies, a simulation model is developed as a testbed. To develop the simulation model, the steel bridge supply chain was investigated and Arena simulation software was used. As the results of two verification and three validation tests, the simulation model can be reliable. To improve the productivity of the bottleneck process(the painting process), three resource allocation methodologies are proposed. As a result, Generalized Resource Allocation(GRA) methodology shows the best performance. GRA decreases by Average Number Work In Process(ANWIP) 46.86% and Average Waiting Time(AWT) 45.51% compared with Operation Specific Resource Allocation(OSRA) which is the current resource allocation method in the painting process in steel bridge production factory. Five progress management methodologies are proposed to improve productivity as minimize the total cost which is the sum of earliness cost and tardiness cost. As a result, Real-Time Production Schedule-based Progress Management(RPSPM) methodology shows the best performance. RPSPM decreases by total cost 74.03% compared with Maximum Slack-based Progress Management(MSPM) methodology which is the current progress management method in steel bridge production factory. This research shows that the productivity of a steel bridge supply chain can be improved by adopting reasonable methodologies instead of managers' experience without additional resources and costs. Because the results were evaluated through the simulation model as a reliable testbed, it is expected that the same results will be shown in reality. This will lead to continuous improvement of a steel bridge supply chain.

부지조성공사와 연계한 공동주택 및 상업업무시설 착수일정 도출에 관한 연구 : H도시 민간프로젝트를 중심으로

주영준 충북대학교 2022 국내석사

택지개발사업에서 공공과 민간 프로젝트의 유기적인 일정관리 필요성에도 불구하고 공공프로젝트는 민간프로젝트 일정에 관계없이 추진되거나 민간프로젝트는 개별프로젝트 단위의 일정관리에 그치고 있어 부지조성공사 용지공급의 지연으로 공동주택 공급이 불안정해지거나 공동주택 입주이후에도 계속되는 공사로 인한 안전문제가 발생하고 있다. 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위해 공공과 민간프로젝트의 유기적인 관리와 공공분야와 연계하여 계획단계에서 관리할 수 있는 기준을 제시하기 위해 부지조성공사 진도율과 연계하여 민간프로젝트의 착수일정을 분석하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 택지개발사업에서 민간프로젝트 착수시점 분석을 위해 2007년부터 2021년까지 H도시에서 공동주택 158개, 상업업무시설 265개의 프로젝트 데이터를 사용하였다. 데이터의 전처리과정을 통해 이상치를 제거하고 공동주택과 상업업무시설의 착수일정에 대한 정규분포를 도출하였으며 유형에 따라 착수일정 분포의 평균차이가 있음을 두 표본 Z검정을 통해 검증하였다. 그리고 표준화공식을 이용하여 부지조성공사 공정율에 따라 공동주택과 상업업무시설의 착수분포 비율을 산출하였다. 그리고 부지조성공사 공사기간에 따른 평균공정율을 적용하기 위해 단순회귀식을 산출하여 상관분석, 회귀분석, 회귀모형에 대한 유의성검증을 실시하여 타당성을 확인하였다. 이 연구의 결론은 택지개발사업에서 선행공사인 공공부문 부지조성공사 공정율과 연계하여 관리할 수 있는 공동주택과 상업업무시설의 착수일정을 도출하였다. 그리고 H도시의 부지조성공사 평균 공사기간을 64개월 기준으로 했을 때 민간프로젝트에 영향을 주는 공공프로젝트 착수일정은 공동주택 입주기준으로 87개월 선행되는 기획단계 착수일정과 57개월 선행되는 부지조성공사 착수일정이다. 단계적으로 개발되는 택지개발사업에서 민간프로젝트가 무분별하게 개발되지 않고 질서 있게 계획대로 개발될 수 있도록 선행되는 공공프로젝트의 일정관리가 필요하다. 향후 택지개발사업에서 발생하는 문제점들을 개선할 수 있는 자료로 사용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. Despite the need for organic scheduling of public and private projects in site developing projects, public projects are being pursued without regard to the schedule of private projects and the private projects only manage the schedule for individual project units, causing instability in housing supply due to the delay in the supply of housing sites and safety problems due to construction that continues even after moving in. In order to solve these problems, the purpose of this study is to analyze the launching schedule for private projects so that public and private projects can be organically managed in the site developing projects, and to establish criteria that can be managed in the planning stage in conjunction with the public sector project. Project data of 158 apartment houses and 265 commercial business facilities were used in H-city from 2007 to 2021 to analyze the start time of private projects for site developing projects. The outliers were removed through the data preprocessing process, the normal distribution of the launching schedule of apartment houses and commercial facilities was derived, and the average difference in the launching schedule distribution was verified through the two-sample Z test. Using the standardization formula, the ratio of the starting distribution of apartment houses and commercial facilities was calculated according to the process rate of the site developing project. In addition, in order to apply the average process rate according to the construction period of the site developing projects, a simple regression equation was calculated to verify the validity by conducting correlation analysis, regression analysis, and regression model significance. The conclusion of this study was to derive a public project launching schedule that affects private projects in housing site developing projects. As a result, it was concluded that when the average construction period of the site developing project in City H was 64 months, the start schedule of the planning stage should be started 87 months before moving into the apartment, and the site developing project should be started 57 months before moving into the apartment. In step-by-step site developing projects, it is necessary to manage the schedule of public projects so that private projects can be developed in an orderly manner without indiscriminate development. It is judged that it can be used as data to improve problems arising from future site developing projects.

시뮬레이션을 활용한 프리캐스트 콘크리트 공급사슬 생산성 향상 : 재고관리와 몰드할당을 중심으로

권현주 충북대학교 2023 국내석사

This study proposes various production management techniques that can be used in Precast Concrete(PC) manufacturing plants to improve the productivity of the PC supply chain, and evaluates the performance of each technique using simulation. To this end, a simulation model is developed by defining the entities, resources, and processes of the PC supply chain. Five verification theories were used to confirm the suitability of the simulation model produced based on the information as a test bed, and it was confirmed that the simulation model had no errors in the system and reflected reality similarly. Next, raw material inventory management policies are selected to improve productivity for raw material supply, and the performance of each methodology is evaluated. There are three raw material inventory management policies: QO, PO, and sS. Prior to the experiment, the process of optimizing the parameter values ​​of each policy was performed for all experimental cases. As a result of ANOVA on the experimental results, it was found that the raw material inventory management policy and two influencing factors had a significant effect on the inventory management cost, a performance evaluation measure. The policy that showed the best performance in all the experimental cases was QO, and it is judged that it was possible to prepare for the fluctuations in the supply and demand of raw materials through the use of a real-time inventory check system. Finally, in order to improve the productivity of PC member production, five methods of calculating the number of molds Min, Max, SS, AS, and MBAS are developed and the performance of each methodology is evaluated. As a result of the experiment, both the method of calculating the number of molds and the influencing factors were judged to have a significant effect on the mold allocation cost, which is a performance evaluation measure. showed low cost. In addition, as a result of performing sensitivity analysis of cost according to the setting of unit delivery delay cost, SS up to about 180,000 won, MBAS up to about 420,000 won, and other AS showed the lowest cost. These experimental results indicate that an appropriate production management technique should be adopted according to the information of the target system. In conclusion, it was possible to improve the overall productivity of the PC supply chain through the rational operation and management method of the PC manufacturing plant.

공공공사 설계변경 주요인자 도출 연구 - H도시 건설공사를 대상으로 -

서성철 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

도시건설 공공공사에서 설계변경은 당초 사업비예측 실패와 공기일정예측 실패라는 직접적 손실로 이어지며, 설계변경이라는 또 하나의 절차로 인해서 수반되는 인력과 간접비 손실은 간접적 손실로 이어진다. 이러한 손실은 막대한 예산을 통해서 행해지는 도시건설 프로젝트 사업비증가로 이어지고 사업비증가는 예산낭비라는 결과로 이어진다. 그리고 도시건설 사업관리 측면에서 사업비 예측 실패와 공기일정 예측 실패는 도시건설 사업관리 실패를 의미하기 때문에 설계변경관리는 도시건설 사업관리에서 다각도로 중요성을 갖고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 설계변경 빈도수를 줄이고 그로인한 사업비증액과 공기연장을 사전에 예방하기 위해서 메가프로젝트 성격의 도시건설 사업관리 초기계획수립단계에서 우선적으로 고려해야하는 설계변경 주요인자를 사업별 주요인자와 H도시건설 전체 공공공사 관점에서 도출하며 설계변경 요인별 및 설계변경건당 주요요인을 도출하는데 목적이 있다. In urban construction public works, change order lead to direct loss of project cost forecasting and air schedule forecasting failures, and the loss of personnel and overhead involved by another procedure called change order leads to indirect losses. This loss leads to an increase in the cost of urban construction projects carried out through a huge budget, and an increase in project costs is a waste of budget. In urban construction project management, failure to predict project cost and air schedule means failure in urban construction project management, so change order management is important in various ways in urban construction project management. The purpose of this study is to derive major factors for design change from the perspective of major factors for each project and overall public construction of H-City Construction in order to reduce the frequency of design changes and prevent project cost increases and air extension in advance.

적정공사기간 산정을 위한 철도 노반공사의 효과적인 비작업일 산정방법

이상혁 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

최근 건설공사에서 근로기준법의 개정, 품질 및 안전강화로 인한 작업가능일수가 감소와 같은 건설사업과 관련된 제반여건의 변화에도 불구하고 이를 반영한 표준 건설공사기간이 마련되어 있지 않다. 또한, 이상 기후가 증가함에 따라 건설업의 작업시간 단축 및 비작업일수가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 대부분 건설현장에선 공사기간을 산정할 경우 현장관리자의 과거 경험이나 직관 혹은 타 기관의 공사기간 산정기준 자료를 참고하여 공사기간을 산정하기 때문에 정확한 공사기간을 산정하고 있지 못하고 있다. 따라서 제반여건의 변화와 기후변화를 반영한 적정공사기간을 산정하는 것이 중요하다. 적정공사기간을 산정하기 위해선 정확한 건설공사기간 산정이 필수적이다. 또한, 공사기간에 관련된 연구는 주로 건축공사 위주로 집중되어 있어 철도공사에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 상기 제시한 연구 문제점들을 반영하여 지역별·월별 비작업일수를 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 연구자는 선행연구를 통해 철도 토목공사와 교량공사의 비작업일 산정기준을 수립하였고, 기후데이터와 근로패턴을 분석하여 지역별·월별 비작업일수를 제시하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 첫째, 여러 기관의 산정기준과 선행연구의 종합화를 통해 철도 노반공사 중 토목공사와 교량공사에 대한 비작업일 산정기준을 제시했다. 둘째, 전국 88개 지역의 10년 동안의 기상조건과 5년 동안의 미세먼지 데이터에 비작업일 산정기준을 적용하여 지역별·월별 비작업일수를 제시했다. 셋째, 본 연구에서 제시한 비작업일수를 실제 현장의 비작업일수와 분석한 결과 대부분 비작업일은 동절기와 하절기에 나타났다. 또한, 다양한 기후와 근로패턴까지 고려한 본 연구의 비작업일수가 실제 현장보다 2~3배 가량 차이가 나타났다. 마지막으로, 이를 통해 건설공사의 적정공사기간 산정 시 비작업일이 중요해지고 있는 만큼 비작업일을 산정하는데 지역적 특성과 공종별 특성을 반영한 정확한 규정 및 기준이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시한 지역별·월별 비작업일수를 통해 이후 철도 토목공사 및 교량공사의 적정공기를 산정할 경우 기초자료로 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. Despite recent changes in the conditions related to the construction project, such as the revision of the Labor Standards Act and the reduction in the number of working days due to intensification of quality and safety, there is no standard construction period. In addition, as the abnormal climate increases, the number of working hours reduce and non-working days in the construction industry is increasing. However, in most construction sites, when deciding the construction period, it is not possible to accurately decide the construction period because the construction period is decided by referring to the site manager's past experience, intuition, or other institution’s construction period decision standard data. Therefore, it is important to decide the normal project duration reflecting changes in various conditions and climate change. In addition, studies related to the construction period are mainly focused on architecture work, but studies on railroad work are insufficient. Therefore, this study intends to present the number of non-working days by region and month by reflecting the research problems presented above. To this end, the researcher established the standard for deciding non-working days for railway civil construction and bridgework construction through prior research and analyzed climate data and working patterns to present the number of non-working days by region and month. The main purpose is as follows. First, Through the synthesis of the decision standards of various institutions and previous studies, the standard for deciding non-working days for civil construction and bridgework construction among railroad roadbed works was proposed. Second, the number of non-working days by region and month was presented by applying the non-working day decision standard to the weather conditions for 10 years and fine dust data for 5 years in 88 regions nationwide. Third, as a result of analyzing the number of non-working days suggested in this study with the actual number of non-working days in the field, most of the non-working days appeared in winter and summer. In addition, the number of non-working days in this study, taking into account various climates and working patterns, was found to be two to three times greater than that of actual sites. Finally, as non-working days are becoming more important when deciding the appropriate construction period for construction works, precise regulations and standards reflecting regional characteristics and characteristics of each type of construction are required to decide non-working days. Therefore, it is considered that it can be used as basic data when deciding the appropriate construction period for railway civil construction and bridgework construction afterward through the number of non-working days by region and month suggested.

토목공사 표준품셈의 개정 필요성이 있는 공종 분석 - P사 현장과의 비교분석을 중심으로 -

권동희 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

건설 공사의 전체 단계 중 초기단계에서 공사원가를 예측하는 과정은 매우 중요한 단계이다 현재 건설공사의 예정가격을 산정하는 기준으로는 표준품셈과 일위대가를 적용하고 있다 그 중 공사비 산정의 가장 기본이 되는 표준품셈은 건설장비의 고도화와 신기술 및 신공법 투입에 의한 품값의 변화를 반영하기 위해서 상시 관리체계를 구축하였고, 실제로 해마다 2회씩 제/개정하여 배포하고 있다. 하지만, 실제 현장의 상황을 제대로 반영 하지 못하고 있다는 의견들이 많이 제시 되고 있다. 표준품셈이 낮게 책정되어 있는 경우 예정가격이 높게 책정되어 발주자의 예산낭비가 야기되고, 높게 책정되어 있는 경우 예정가격이 적게 산출되어 시공자에게 손해를 미칠 우려가 있기 때문에 품의 적정성을 검토하는 측면에서 관련된 연구가 필요한 실정이다 이에 본 연구에서는 현행 표준품셈과 P사 토목현장 데이터를 비교 검토하여 공사비 차이가 많이 발생하는 원인 분석과 기존 표준품셈 공종 중에서 추후 개정의 필요성이 있는 공종을 도출 하였다. The process of predicting construction costs in the early stages of construction is very important. Currently, the standard product calculation and the highest price are applied as the basis for calculating the estimated price of construction work. Among them, the standard item calculation, which is the most basic of the calculation of construction costs, was established to reflect the changes in the value of construction equipment by upgrading construction equipment and introducing new technologies and new construction methods, and in fact, it is distributed by enacting/revised and distributed twice a year. However, there are many opinions that it does not properly reflect the actual situation at the site. If the standard product calculation is set low, the estimated price will be set high, causing waste of the client's budget, and if it is set high, the estimated price will be calculated less, which could cause damage to the contractor, so related research is needed in terms of reviewing the adequacy of the item. Therefore, the current standard item calculation and civil engineering site data of Company P were reviewed in this study to analyze the causes of large differences in construction cost and to derive the types of construction that need to be revised later among the existing standard item processing types.

흙막이 가시설 공사의 위험성 평가모델 개선 연구

이상민 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

최근 대규모 건설, 초고층 건축물과 같이 건설업의 발전에도 불구하고, 건설 사고로 인한 사망자는 계속해서 발생하고 있다. 이 중 흙막이 가시설은 사고 발생 시 사고율이 높은 고위험 공사로, 흙막이 가시설의 재해를 사전에 예방할 수 있는 안전관리의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 국내에서는 위험요인을 사전에 파악하고 관리하기 위해 위험성 평가 제도를 시행하고 있으며, 이에 따라 건설업 공종별 위험성 평가모델 등 기초자료들이 배포되고 있으나 여전히 미흡한 점이 많아 흙막이 가시설 공사의 위험성 평가 관련 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해, 흙막이 가시설 공사에 따른 위험성을 파악하고, 기존 위험성 평가모델의 문제점을 개선하고자 하였다. 따라서 1994년부터 2020년 사이에 발생한 흙막이 가시설의 사고 사례를 분석하여 사고현황, 빈도, 재해현황 등을 파악하였고, 단위작업별로 분석하여 21개의 위험요인을 도출하였다. 또한, 위험요인별 세부 위험요소를 도출하고 위험요인별 위험순위를 선정하였으며, 위험등급에 따른 관리기준 및 안전대책을 제시하였다. 이후 기존 위험성 평가의 문제점인 위험성 평가방법의 불명확한 기준 및 단위작업별 위험도 제시를 개선하고자 MIL-STD-882B 매트릭스를 활용한 위험도 평가방법을 고안하였으며, 단위작업 내 세부위험요인별 위험성 평가방법을 연구하였다. 본 연구는 기존의 위험성 평가 모델을 개선하여 흙막이 가시설 공사에 적용하였다. 이는 흙막이 가시설 공사의 위험성 평가 지침으로 활용될 수 있으며, 관련 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구를 바탕으로, 흙막이 가시설 공사의 위험성 평가를 위한 심층연구를 수행한다면 흙막이 가서실 공사의 사고예방 및 사고저감, 건설산업 전체의 안전관리 개선에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. Despite the recent advancement of construction projects, such as large-scale construction and high-rise construction, deaths from construction accidents have continued to occur. Among them, the construction of temporary earth retaining structure is a high-risk construction with a high accident rate in case of an accident, so the importance of safety management that can predict the disaster of the retaining wall in advance is being highlighted. In Korea, the risk assessment system is implemented to identify and manage risk factors in advance. As a result, basic data such as risk assessment models for each construction industry are being distributed, but there are still many shortcomings, and research related to the construction of temporary earth retaining structure and risk assessment has not been completed. Therefore, through this study, it was intended to identify the risks of construction of temporary earth retaining structure and to improve the problems of existing risk assessment models. Thus, the accident cases of the construction of temporary earth retaining structure between 1994 and 2020 were analyzed to identify the accident status, frequency, and disaster status, and 21 risk factors were derived for each unit work by referring to the analysis data and prior research. In addition, detailed risk factors by risk factors were derived, risk rankings by risk factors were selected, and management standards and safety measures were presented according to risk rating. Later, in order to improve the unclear criteria of the risk rating method, which is a problem of the existing risk assessment, and the presentation of risks by unit work, the risk rating method using Matrix of MIL-STD-882B was presented, and the risk assessment method was evaluated by risk factors in unit work, not by unit work, and a comparative analysis was conducted with the results of each unit work. This study can be used as basic data for the related research in that it improved the existing risk assessment model, identified and applied to the risk assessment model of the construction of temporary earth retaining structure, and is valuable as a guide for the risk assessment of the construction of the actual temporary earth retaining structure construction. Based on this study, if in-depth research is conducted to assess the risk of construction of temporary earth retaining structure, it is believed that it will contribute to the prevention of accidents and the reduction of accidents and further improvement of safety management of the entire construction industry.

사업기간연장을 통한 인천공항철도 재정보조금 축소 방안

조정규 충북대학교 2021 국내석사

MRG 도입을 통해 철도 BTO (Build-transfer-operate) 프로젝트가 활발하게 추진 되었으나 실제 수요의 대부분이 예상 수요에 미치지 못해 막대한 재정 보조와 재정적 지원을 받게되었고 정부의 재정 부담이 증가했다. 이에 정부는 재정적 부담을 줄이기 위해 MRG를 폐지하고 비용 보상 방식으로 재구조화를 시행했다. 그러나 여전히 재정 보조금이 지급되고있어 정부에 대한 재정적 부담은 여전히 ​​증가하고있다. 본 연구의 목적은 재정적 지원하지 않는 재구조화 모델을 제안하는 것이며 이를 통해 철도 BTO 사업의 재정적 부담 경감에 기여하고자한다. 본 연구에서 제시 한 재구조화 모델은 재정보조금을 지급하지 않는 대신 민간 기업의 운영 기간을 연장하는 방법이다. 기존 사업 NPV (재정 보조금 지급)와 재구조화 적용 NPV (재정 보조금 미지급)가 사업 종료일까지 동일 할 때 사업 연장 기간이 도출되며 이 과정에서 사용 된 할인율 (자본에 대한 기대 수익률)은 Moody 's 'Generic Project Finance Methodology'와 국내 회사채 수익률을 사용하여 계산한다. 인천 공항 철도에 재구조화 모델을 적용한 결과 예상 자기 자본 수익률은 11.54 %로 계산되었으며 기존 프로젝트 수행시 정부 보조금 1.1조원이 예상됐으며 정부 보조금을 미지급 할 경우 사업운영 기간을 16 년 연장해야 하는 것으로 분석됐다. 이를 통해 새로운 재구조화 모델의 효과를 확인하고 재정적 부담을 줄이는 방안으로 적용 가능성을 제시 하였다. 새로운 재구조화 모델은 프로젝트 유형에 따른 제한이 없어 철도 외에 다른 도로, 항만 등 타 분야에도 적용이 가능할 것으로 예상된다. Although the railroad BTO(Build-transfer-operate) project of PPP(Public Private Partnerships) was actively promoted through the introduction of MRG, most of the actual demand fell short of the expected demand, resulting in a huge financial subsidy, and the financial burden on government was increasing. In order to reduce the financial burden, the government abolished the MRG and restructured it in a Cost-Compensation method. However, the financial burden on government is still increasing as financial subsidies are still being paid. The purpose of this study is to propose a restructuring model that does not pay financial support, and through this, it is intended to contribute to the reduction of the financial burden of railroad BTO projects. The restructuring model presented in this study is a method that extends the operation period of private businesses instead of paying a financial information. The project extension period is derived when the existing business NPV (financial subsidy payment) and restructuring applied NPV (financial subsidy non-payment) until the project end period are the same. to be. The discount rate (expected return on equity capital) used in this process is calculated using Moody's'Generic Project Finance Methodology' and the domestic corporate bond yield. As a result of applying the restructuring model to Incheon Airport Railroad, the expected return on equity capital was calculated to be 11.54%, and government subsidies of 1.1 trillion won were expected when the existing projects were carried out. It was analyzed that the period of management and operation could be extended by 16 years to non-payment of government subsidies. Through this analysis, the effect of the new restructuring could be confirmed and the possibility of application as a method to reduce the financial burden was suggested. The new restructuring model is expected to be applicable to other fields, such as other roads and ports in addition to railroads, as there are no restrictions depending on the type of project.

의사결정나무를 활용한 건설기술용역 낙찰률 예측모형

신서연 충북대학교 2020 국내석사

A winning bid is the most sensitive factor related directly to the profitability and cost of a company, and there are various factors to consider. Despite the government's efforts to improve this system, the problems of the minimum bidding system, such as dumping bidding, continue. The purpose of this study is to derive a predictive model that can foresee the winning bid by identifying the independent variables that influence the bid through a winning bid analysis. Therefore, the researchers tried to find a predictive model using two methods : statistical analysis and a decision tree model. The major research results are as follows. First, the researchers conducted statistical analysis using successful bid data for the construction engineering consulting services in 2019. They also discovered a variable that affects the winning bid rate. Second, the study did a distributed analysis to verify the relationship with the variables. It also used a multiple regression analysis to derive a regression equation. Third, the study did an analysis using the decision tree model of nonparametric analysis methods. Among the algorithms, the CHIAD and CART algorithms are compared and analyzed. Finally, the study chose the CART algorithm as the winning bid prediction model and compared the variables to a minimum number of cases to find the model with the best explanatory power. In this study, the researchers utilized construction technology service data to present a range of winning bid rates in an intuitive way, but not as a hunch. This suggests the possibility that it can be utilized in practice by presenting guidelines on the winning bid rate based on this objective data.