Kinesin Regulation via Kinesin Binding Protein and Autoinhibition

Tan, Zhenyu University of Michigan ProQuest Dissertations & Th 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Cells are complex systems that continuously adapt and respond to their ever-changing environments. Integral to this adaptability is the precise organization and reorganization of cellular structures, among which the cytoskeleton plays a foundational role. The cytoskeleton provides structural integrity to the cell, but beyond that, it also serves as a network for motor proteins to transport cargo.A key player in cargo transport is the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins. Kinesins participate in a diverse range of cellular processes, from facilitating long-range axonal transport to orchestrating the mitotic spindle during cell division. The regulation of kinesin motor proteins occurs via inhibitory and activation-based mechanisms, where kinesin motor proteins are subject to autoinhibition when not bound to a cargo. Recently, the discovery of the kinesin-binding protein (KIFBP) revealed a novel form of kinesin inhibition, in which KIFBP binds to kinesin motor domains to block microtubule-binding.Both autoinhibition and KIFBP-mediated inhibition are critical for proper cellular function. However, there remains little consensus and conflicting reports on the molecular mechanism of kinesin autoinhibition due to a lack of structural information on full-length kinesin motors. Moreover, the mechanism governing the KIFBP inhibition is poorly defined. In my Ph.D. research, I applied integrative structural analysis to determine how autoinhibition and KIFBP-mediated inhibition occurs at the molecular level.My research project on kinesin-1 autoinhibition revised the established model in the field by offering the first comprehensive description of kinesin-1 autoinhibition (Tan et al. eLife 2023). Kinesin-1, discovered nearly 40 years ago, was the first identified kinesin and serves as a model for understanding kinesin function. A widely accepted model of kinesin-1 autoinhibition is that the C-terminal tail of kinesin-1 drives autoinhibition to block motility. However, published data suggested that the tail may not be the sole determinant of autoinhibition. To uncover the molecular mechanism of kinesin-1 autoinhibition, I combined AlphaFold protein structure prediction, electron microscopy and cross-linking mass spectrometry to reveal the molecular architecture of autoinhibited kinesin-1. My findings showed that multiple intramolecular contacts within the kinesin-1 lead to an inhibited state. My work provides a framework to understand why kinesin-1 activation requires cargo adaptors and microtubule-associated proteins to bind to and compete with intramolecular association to produce an open, active motor.My second project aimed to investigate kinesin binding protein (KIFBP), a newly identified regulatory binding partner of kinesins. KIFBP exhibits the ability to associate and inhibit specific members of the kinesin superfamily. Mutations to KIFBP in humans have been linked to the neurological disorder Goldberg-Shprintzen (GOSHS) syndrome. Despite the clinical relevance of KIFBP, it remains unclear how KIFBP binds kinesins and how it achieves specificity for a subset of kinesins. To characterize the mechanism of kinesin regulation through KIFBP, I determined cryo-EM structures of KIFBP alone at 3.8A and KIFBP bound to two different kinesin motors at 4.5-4.9A. My structures provided the first atomistic view of kinesin engaged by KIFBP, showing that, KIFBP remodels and displaces the microtubule binding helix from kinesins to block microtubule binding. My work (Solon*, Tan*, et al. Science Advances 2021) paves the way for a deeper understanding of how KIFBP regulates its subset of kinesins, how it achieves specificity in binding, and how it contributes to GOSHS.

Effective Tracking Algorithm for Human Following of Mobile Robot with Kinect Sensor

BUI QUANG TAN 경희대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사

Abstract EFFECTIVE TRACKING ALGORITHM FOR HUMAN FOLLOWING OF MOBILE ROBOT WITH KINECT SENSOR By Bui Quang Tan Master in Mechanical Engineering Graduate Shool of Kyung Hee University Advised by Ph.D. Soon-Geul Lee Almost half of jobs in the United States are likely to be automated within the next 20 years. That is the prediction from researchers at the University of Oxford in England. They think more and more machines will be given jobs that people traditionally performed. Robots now work in the food industry and build cars. Other robots can be programmed to welcome people as they arrive at a store or hotel. Imagine that you are in an airport and you have to take care your children. You will be very happy if there is a robot it can follow you and help you to carry your luggage. To do the task the robot must have ability to detect, following human and collision a voidance. In this paper, a vacuum cleaning robot platform equipped by Kinect camera sensor to follow a moving human. The system is defined as the Tracking Human Robot System (THRS). This robot is used as a service robot it can track a person quickly and smoothly on a flat floor and maintain a safe distance to that person. There are several sensors they can be used for human tracking. Ultrasonic sensors transmit and receive ultrasonic waves and determine the distance to an object by calculating the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo. They are used to track a human and avoid obstacles by developing an ultrasonic-sensor array. However, ultrasonic-sensors cannot distinguish human from object. RGB cameras, which can deliver the three basic color components (red, green, and blue), are frequently used some image processing software for object detection and tracking. For example, OpenCV, Matlab, and Point Cloud Library (PCL) can be used for image processing. However, 3D motion sensors (or depth sensors) are very likely to supersede other sensors in human tracking due to their reliability and depth sensing ability. A 3D motion sensor is a device that can capture motions in 3D. There are two popular commercial 3D motion sensors, Kinect from Microsoft and Xtion PRO Live from Asus. The Kinect sensor has high resolution (1–75mm) and is more adaptable than the Xtion PRO Live. Human-tracking is easy to realize with 3D motion sensors because they usually come with a software development kit (SDK) that processes color, depth, and skeleton data. With these data, it is convenient to create human-tracking applications. Key Words Tracking Human Robot System (THRS), Kinect sensor, vacuum cleaning robot, collision avoidance.

Optimization of Zeolite Catalysts for Removing NOx & CH4 : INTRODUCTION, EXPERIMENTAL, FACILE ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF FE-UZM-35 CATALYSTS FOR AMMONIA SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION, HYDROTHERMAL AGING ENHANCES NITROGEN OXIDE REDUCTION OVER IRON-EXCHANGED ZEOLITES AT 150 °C, A HIGHLY ACTIVE AND STAB

Tan, Xuechao 포항공과대학교 일반대학원 2024 국내박사

Owing to the narrow crystallization field, the synthesis of the large-pore zeolite UZM-35 with MSE topology starting from amorphous reagents in the presence of dimethyldipropylammonium ions as an organic structure-directing agent is often non-reproducible. Here we report the synthesis of UZM-35 via an interzeolite conversion route using USY zeolites, as the sole source of Al and Si, and a small amount of previously synthesized UZM-35 as seed crystals. We also present the one-pot synthesis of Fe-UZM-35 with the best low-temperature NH3-SCR activity among the iron-exchanged zeolites reported so far. These synthesis routes showed high reproducibility, together with considerably faster crystallization kinetics (≤1.5 vs 7 days) compared to conventional UZM-35 synthesis. When the Fe loading level was properly adjusted, the NH3-SCR activity of one-pot-synthesized Fe-UZM-35 was found to be essentially the same as that of post-synthetically exchanged Fe- UZM-35 due to the similarity in the nature of their iron active sites. NH3-SCR over copper- and iron-exchanged zeolites is a state-of-the-art technology for removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO, and NO2) from exhaust emissions, but suffers from poor low-temperature (i.e., 150 °C) activity. Here we show that hydrothermal aging of Fe-beta, Fe-ZSM-5, and Fe-ferrierite at 650 °C or higher leads to a remarkable increase in NOx conversion from ~30 to ~80% under fast NH3-SCR conditions at 150 °C. The practical relevance of this finding becomes more evident as an aged Fe-beta/fresh Cu-SSZ-13 composite catalyst exhibits ~90% conversion. We propose that a neutral heteronuclear bis-μ-oxo ironaluminium dimer might be created within iron zeolites during hydrothermal aging and catalyze ammonium nitrate reduction by NO at 150 °C. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the activation free energy (125 versus 147 kJ mol-1) for the reaction of NO with adsorbed NO3 - species, the rate-determining step of ammonium nitrate reduction, is considerably lower on the bis-μ-oxo ironaluminium site than on the well-known mononuclear iron-oxo cation site, thus greatly enhancing the overall SCR activity. Natural gas engines are the most viable alternative to diesel and gasoline ones. However, the current state-of-art catalyst, palladium (Pd) on alumina, for eliminating unburnt methane from engine exhaust suffers from high light-off temperature (> 400 °C) and poor water tolerance. Here we report that a 3.0 wt% Pd catalyst supported on Na+-post-exchanged IWV zeolite with a Si/Al ratio of 45 has a light-off temperature as low as 290 °C for methane combustion in the presence of 10% water vapor while maintaining over 85% methane conversion at 330 °C for 100 h. We simultaneously achieved these sustainable development goals in wet methane combustion by combining the effects of the zeolite structure and its Si/Al ratio with those of air calcination at 500 °C after Na+ ion exchange. This study provides a new direction for bringing zeolite-supported Pd catalysts close to real-world applications. CONTENS

Variant Conflict Management: Conceptualizing and Investigating Team Conflict Management as a Configural Construct

Tan, Yunzi Columbia University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

The key purpose of this dissertation was to empirically test a new conceptual model of team conflict management (Tan, 2011). Central to this model is a configural team-level construct called variant conflict management (VCM), which refers to the relative levels of cooperative and competitive conflict management among members in a team. This model also identifies three key antecedent categories likely to predict VCM in teams: salient conflict-relevant member characteristics, team contextual determinants, and divergent team dynamics. Three archetypal profiles of VCM, i.e., distinct distributional patterns in members' conflict management approaches, are also proposed: minimum, moderate and maximum VCM profiles. These three profiles are further organized into five sub-types: minimum cooperative, minimum competitive, moderate cooperative, moderate competitive, and maximum VCM profiles. Specifically, this study sought to assess whether the proposed VCM profiles are present in 79 student project teams. It also compared the effects of VCM (based on teams' standard deviation scores) and of mean team conflict management (based on teams' means scores) on three team outcomes: team conflict efficacy, members' satisfaction with their teams' conflict management process, and team effectiveness. This study also investigated the relative effects of the proposed VCM profiles on each of the three team outcomes. Three indicators representing each of the antecedent categories, i.e., gender role diversity, team goal interdependence, and subgroup formation, were also examined as potential predictors of VCM. Using qualitative content coding analyses, it was revealed that all five VCM profiles proposed in the model, i.e., minimum cooperative, minimum competitive, moderate cooperative, moderate competitive, and maximum VCM profiles, were indeed evident in the teams sampled. Three additional profiles described as 'distributed,' 'multiple clusters' and 'midpoint cluster' were also uncovered in the content coding analyses. In the supplementary latent class analyses, four latent classes were identified. Two of these classes corresponded with two of the five proposed VCM profiles: the moderate cooperative and moderate competitive VCM profiles. The third latent class was aligned with the new 'distributed' profile identified in the content coding analyses. As for the fourth latent class, it consisted of the other three proposed VCM profiles, i.e., minimum cooperative, minimum competitive and maximum VCM profiles, as well as the two additional profiles uncovered in the content coding analyses, i.e., 'multiple clusters' and 'midpoint cluster' profiles. Comparisons among the five proposed VCM profiles of their effects on the three team outcomes showed that teams with minimum cooperative VCM profiles reported higher levels of team conflict efficacy than teams with moderate competitive VCM profiles, and they were also more effective than teams with minimum competitive VCM profiles. Teams with minimum competitive VCM profiles, on the other hand, reported the lowest levels of member satisfaction compared to teams with the four other proposed VCM profiles; teams with minimum competitive VCM profiles were also less effective than teams with minimum cooperative and moderate cooperative VCM profiles. Teams with moderate cooperative VCM profiles, relative to those with moderate competitive VCM profiles reported greater team conflict efficacy and team effectiveness. The study results also found no significant effects of VCM (based on teams' standard deviation scores) and of mean team conflict management (based on teams' means scores on cooperative and competitive conflict management respectively) on team conflict efficacy, members' satisfaction with their teams' conflict management process, and team effectiveness. Additionally, no significant associations were found between the three proposed predictor variables, i.e., gender role diversity, team goal interdependence and subgroup formation, and VCM. Implications of these findings for theory, research and practice, along with limitations and future research directions, were also discussed.

(The) doctrine of predestination in John Calvin and Theodore Beza : Did Beza distort Calvin's doctrine of predestination?

Thang, Tan Ceu Asia United Theological University 2018 국내박사

Title: The Doctrine of Predestination in John Calvin and Theodore Beza: Did Beza distort Calvin’s Doctrine of Predestination? Researcher: Tan Ceu Thang Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Major: Systematic Theology University: Asia United Theological University/ACTS Supervisor: Dr. Han Sang Hwa John Calvin was succeeded by Theodore Beza, who served as a moderator for the Company of Pastors in Geneva. Since 1960s, however, a number of modern writers incorrectly accused Beza as distorting Calvin’s doctrine of predestination. In this position, although there is no agreement among themselves, their arguments in generally focus around four areas. Firstly, they said Beza distorted Calvin’s predestination by removing from its soteriological context and placed it in the doctrine of God and the decree. As a result of this relocation, predestination, they said, became speculative, abandoning the Christocentric focus of Calvin’s formulation and became the central principle from which other doctrines were derived. In our study, we agree that Beza certainly attempt to move from Christological to a Trinitarian framework in his treatment of predestination. But that fact cannot be proved as wrong in itself since the work of salvation is essentially a divine act that is not possible without the unity of the persons in the Godhead. More importantly, placement is important for right order of teaching the subject but it does not change the impact and the meaning of the doctrine. Beside this, Beza always insisted, like Calvin, that predestination must be treated in connection with salvation in Christ and the comfort of believers. In fact, his Theocentricism never causes him to abandon the Christocentricism. Moreover, not only Calvin and Beza but also Reformed theologians, whether treating predestination in the locus of theology or in the locus of soteriology, whether infra or supra, have always insisted that predestination must be treated in connection with salvation in Christ, the comfort of believers and a calling to walk in piety. Secondly, modern writers assumed that Beza diverged in his innovation of supralapsarian definition of predestination. They alleged Calvin as teaching an infralapsarian view of predestination. To see the matter in its historical context, Pighius discussed the order of divine decree with his view of fourfold order in his attacks on Calvin’s predestination. Unfortunately, Calvin responses to Pighius, De Aeterna Dei Praedestinatione (1552), but did not present his position in terms of an order of decrees. But as Beza stood to defense Calvin’s view, Bolsec’s controversy prompted him to think the best way to formulate the Reformed view. In that context, the supralapsarian order of predestination enabled him, in a sophisticated way, to affirm an absolutely unconditional predestination. He adopted supralapsarian stance as the most consistent approach to encounter with the notion of foreseen faith or unbelief as the basic for election and reprobation, the view advocated by his opponents, Pighius and more recently by Bolsec. Calvin may posit something that indicates sympathy with supra or infra position, but he never presents his view in terms of the order of decree. While he escaped the infra-supra debate; Beza adopted a strong supralapsarian position. However, in his letter to Calvin on 29 July 1555, Beza discussed the order of decree in God’s mind. In that letter, Beza offered his supralapsarian opinion in terms of both the order of decree and object of predestination. So, history affirmed that not only Beza discussed his works with Calvin but also published with an approval from Calvin. Calvin did not refuse Beza’s supralapsarian although he himself did not directly set forth in his final Institutes. Thirdly, the modern writers accused Beza as distorting “Calvin’s biblical oriented theology into a rigid scholasticism by reading him through Aristotelian spectacles.” In our study, we notice that Calvin did not totally against Scholasticism, but employed selective use of scholasticism in his treatment of predestination. Likewise, although Beza employed more scholastic than Calvin did, he also made a selective use of those. In the ground of theological debate, he allowed logic and rationality to play much larger role in his thought than Calvin did. In Beza’s theology, however, there is no indication of departure from Scripture. He never used reason in equal status with revelation. To put as simple as possible, scholastic simply means academic with various positive. Hence, Beza was scholastic in the sense that he was engaged in academic training of pastors and the ongoing defense and academic development and refinement of Reformed thought in the face of polemical attacks. In addition, the different between Calvin and Beza is also made in the concept of the extent of Christ’s atonement. Kendall, for example, claimed that Calvin did not teach limited atonement, but general or universal atonement. Again from historical context, in the controversy with Lutherans, Beza sharply presented his view of particular atonement which indicated more consistency with the concept of eternal predestination. This position enables him to refuse against the Lutherans’ view that ‘Christ’s death is sufficient for all but efficient only for the elects.’ The Lutherans asserted election but not reprobation, and gave more substantial role to human free will in salvation. Hence, for Beza, like Calvin, it was crucial to maintain that salvation is ultimately depended upon divine grace, in contrast to human choice or a combination thereof. For Beza, it was not a matter of whether Christ’s death is sufficient or not, but more about the eternal decree and the purpose for whom Christ offered himself. Calvin did not clearly state on this matter, but when universalism and particularism are in conflicted, particularism will always succeeded in his view. On the basic of these four points, modern writers claim Beza as distorting Calvin’s view but others see them as the development. The modern writers made overstatement by using strong expression such as distorted, altered, changed. By showing the difference between Calvin and his followers, Paul Helm even stated that after Calvin’s death, the tradition is broken. Some accused Beza as teaching decretal theology which is unpreachable doctrine. In fact, predestination never hindered Paul, Augustine, Calvin and Beza to do the work of missions and evangelizations. Apparently, most of the modern writers, if not all, who argued against Beza are the people who dislike the truth of sovereign reprobation. They want to maintain Arminian concept of reprobation while at the same time seeking the support from Calvin. Although Calvin taught predestination in soteriological context, but by linking predestination with the Christian comfort and godly piety, he never failed to teach God’s sovereignty over election and reprobation. Beza therefore faithfully carried and maintained Calvin’s doctrine. His theology does not differ from Calvin’s as much as historians claim. In fact, a quantitative distinction and different emphasis might be the slight deviations that could be safely and accurately placed between them. Therefore, this dissertation shows Beza’s role as generally successful attempt to develop, clarify and render more precise doctrinal definition.

Genetic and proteomic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and its vaccine development

DO, VAN TAN Kangwon National University 2020 국내박사

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was determined as the etiologic agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). PED is characterized by acute enteritis, watery diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal piglets that causes significant economic losses in the swine industry. The goals of this thesis are to characterize features of virulent PEDVs, particularly virus genetic phylogeny and proteomic analysis, and to develop a novel vaccine against PEDV infection. Genetic analyses of the full-length S gene of 3 Vietnam PEDV isolates (HID9047, HID9048, and HID9049) during 2016-2017 showed that all 3 isolates belong to genogroup 2a with significant variations, share unique genetic features with PEDVs circulated in Vietnam during 2013-2015, and closely relate to the Asian strains. Experiments in animals demonstrated that antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the vaccine strain resulted in higher levels of neutralizing antibody of 5 log2 against the homologous strain, and showed a relatively lower of neutralizing antibody against the field isolates. The full-length S gene analysis of a Korea PEDV isolate in 2017 (HID9050) revealed that HID9050 belongs to genogroup 1a along with prototype CV777 and Korea isolates prior to 2017. Proteomic analysis of HID9050 and an attenuated PEDV vaccine strain DR13 (avDR13) illustrated that the differences in expression levels of virus proteins were observed in 3 proteins of avDR13 and 44 proteins of HID9050. Notably, 16 expressed proteins were detected only in avDR13, and 10 expressed proteins were found only in HID9050. These results speculate that PEDV infection in cells could be associated with the alteration and rearrangement of protein expression from avDR13 and HID9050, and might contribute to the altered pathogenicity of the virus in pigs. In order to develop an effective vaccine against PEDV infection, a recombinant adenovirus was employed to express the core neutralizing epitope (COE) of PEDV and the heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) of Escherichia coli (rAd-LTB-COE). The rAd-LTB-COE induced good humoral, mucosal immune responses, and cell mediated immune response in mice and piglets. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies induced by rAd-LTB-COE could inhibit both PEDV genogroups 1 and 2, suggesting a strong candidate for the next generation of PED vaccination strategies. These findings could contribute to further understanding the pathogenicity of PEDV and suggest a promising vaccine with high efficacy

Regulation of pluripotency in embryonic stem cell by TFEB

Tan, Anderson University of Seoul 2021 국내박사

Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a well-known master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, is a member of the microphthalmia family of transcription factors (MiT family). TFEB has been shown to have diverse roles in various physiological processes such as clearance for intracellular pathogenic factors and having developmental functions such as dendritic maturation and endoderm differentiation. However, in the present study, we propose a novel role for TFEB in mouse ESCs (mESCs) as by regulating the pluripotency transcriptional network (PTN) in these cells. We observed high levels of endogenous TFEB mRNA and protein in mESCs. Interestingly, we found a reduction of Nanog and Sox2 levels in TFEB KO mESCs while pluripotency was maintained due to compensation by TFE3, a potent stem cell maintenance factor. Consistently, double knockout of TFEB/TFE3 (TFEB/3 DKO) reduced mESC pluripotency, as indicated by the loss of ESC morphology, reduction of ESC markers and emergence of differentiation markers. We further discovered that Nanog was a TFEB target gene in mESCs. In parallel, TFEB also promoted Sox2 transcription by interacting with Sox2 in mESCs. Notably, Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog were also binding to the TFEB promoter and thus generating a feed forward loop in relation to TFEB. Although high levels of nuclear TFEB are expected to enhance autophagy-lysosomal activity, mESC remarkably displayed low basal autophagy-lysosomal activity. Modulation of TFEB levels did not affect the expression of TFEB lysosomal-autophagy target genes. TFEB also had lesser binding affinity to its own lysosomal promoter-target genes in mESCs compared to differentiated cells. Collectively, these findings define a newly incorporative, moonlighting function for TFEB in regulating PTN, independent of its autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis role. Autophagy 및 lysosomal biogenesis의 잘 알려진 마스터 조절자인 Transcription EB (TFEB)는 Microphthalmia 계열 (MiT계열) 전사 인자의 하나이다. TFEB은 세포 내 병원성 인자 제거와 같은 다양한 생리학적 과정에서 다양한 역할을 하며, 발달 과정에서 수지상 성숙 및 내배엽 분화와 같은 기능을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이번 연구를 통하여, 우리는 쥐의 배아줄기세포 (mouse Embryonic Stem Cells, mESC)에서 다능성 전사 네트워크 (Pluripotency Transcriptional Network, PTN)를 조절하는 TFEB의 새로운 메커니즘을제안하고있다.우리는 mESC에서 높은 수준의 내인성 TFEB mRNA와 단백질 발현을 관찰하였다. 흥미롭게도, 우리는 TFEB Knock-Out (KO) mESC에서 (다능성을 의미하는 마커인) Nanog 및 Sox2 발현의 감소를 발견한 반면, 강력한 줄기 세포 유지 인자인 TFE3에 의한 상쇄보상효과로 인해 다능성이 유지됨을 확인하였다. 이와 마찬가지로, TFEB / TFE3 (TFEB / 3 DKO)의 이중 KO은 ESC 형태의 손실, ESC 마커의 감소 및 분화 마커의 출현으로 알 수 있듯, mESC의 다능성을 감소시켰다. 또한 Nanog가 mESC에서 TFEB의 표적 유전자라는 사실을 발견함과 동시에 TFEB이 mESC에서 Sox2와 상호 작용하여 Sox2의 전사를 촉진함을 확인하였다. 특히 Sox2, Oct4 및 Nanog역시 TFEB의 프로모터에 결합하여, TFEB과의 순방향 루프를 생성하였다. 높은 수준의 핵 TFEB이 자가포식-리소좀의 활성을 향상시킬 것으로 예상되었으나, mESC는 현저하게 낮은 기저 자가 포식-리소좀 활성을 나타내었다. TFEB 발현의 조절은 TFEB의 리소좀-자가 포식 표적 유전자의 발현에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 TFEB은 mESC에서 분화된 세포에 비해 자체 리소좀 프로모터-표적 유전자에 대한 결합 친화도가 더 낮았다. 총체적으로, 이러한 연구 결과는 자가포식-리소좀 생물 발생 역할과 관계없이 PTN을 조절하는 TFEB에 대한 통합적이고 새로운 기능을 제안하고 있다.

현대중국어 'V上N' 구문 연구

Tan, Ruisheng 연세대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

본고는 ‘V上N’ 구문을 대상으로 현대중국어 ‘V上N’ 구문의 각 구성 성분과 전체적 특징을 분석하고 동사 ‘V’와 명사 ‘N’ 사이에 보어 ‘上’의 삽입이 어떠한 의미를 갖는지를 규명하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 현대중국어에서 ‘V上N’ 구문은 복잡한 의미와 용법 때문에 계속 어법학자들의 주목을 받아 왔다. ‘V上N’ 구문에 관한 기존 연구는 지금까지 괄목할 만한 성과를 거두었지만 주로 ‘上’의 의미에 관한 연구에 집중되어 있거나 ‘V上N’의 구문 의미 중에서 하나만 선정해서 연구하는 경우가 많았다. 이러한 제한점을 보완하기 위해 본고는 우선, ‘V上N’의 구문과 관련된 코퍼스를 선별하고 적격한 예문을 추출하였다. 다음으로, 인지언어학의 은유 이론, 영상 도식 이론 등을 바탕으로 ‘V上N’의 구문의 각 구성 성분에 대해 분석하였다. 그 다음으로는, ‘V上N’ 구문에 대해 전반적으로 고찰함으로써 해당 구문의 전체적인 특징을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 거대 사건 이론을 ‘V上N’ 구문에 적용해 ‘V上N’ 구문이 나타낼 수 있는 거대 사건 유형을 제시하였다.   본 논문의 구성은 다음과 같다. 제1장에서는 본고의 연구 대상을 규정하고 연구 동기와 연구 목적을 밝혔다. 제2장에서는 본고의 논의 전개를 위해 은유 이론, 영상 도식 이론, 구문 어법 이론 그리고 거대 사건 이론을 제시하였다. 제3장에서는 ‘V上N’ 구문의 각 구성 성분의 특징을 밝혀냈다. 우선, ‘V上N’ 구문에서 출현 가능한 동사 ‘V’의 의미를 분류하고 ‘V上N’의 동사의 자주성에 대해 고찰하였다. 다음으로, 은유 기제를 통해 확장된 의미를 네 종류로 분류하였다. 또한 V上N’ 구문에 대응되는 한국어 형식을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 명사 ‘N’이 종결성을 띠고 있다는 것을 증명하였다. 명사 ‘N’의 종결성은 인지적 영역에서 비종결성과 대조되며 명시적 종결성과 암묵적 종결성으로 다시 분류될 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 ‘V上N’ 구문의 명사 ‘N’이 종결성을 띨 때 명시적 종결성을 띠거나 암묵적 종결성을 띤다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 제4장에서는 ‘V上N’ 구문의 구문 강요 현상과 중의성 현상에 대해서 고찰하고 ‘V上N’ 구문과 ‘把NV上’ 구문의 통사적·화용적 차이에 대해 밝힌 후, 화용적 측면에서 ‘V上N’ 구문과 ‘把NV上’ 구문의 선택은 시간 순서 원칙과 초점에 의존한다는 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 제5장에서는 ‘V上N’ 구문의 ‘上’이 위성 형태소라는 가설을 증명하고 V上N’ 구문은 운동 사건, 상 사건, 상태 변화 사건, 행동 관련 사건 그리고 실현 사건 등 거대 사건 유형을 모두 나타낼 수 있다는 결론을 도출하였다. 또한 ‘V上N’ 구문이 나타내는 거대 사건은 모두 운동 사건에서 은유적으로 확장된 것임을 확인하였다. 제6장에서 논의한 내용을 전반적으로 정리하고 본고의 결론을 도출하였다.

‘뭐’, ‘어디’를 중심으로 한 한국어 담화표지 교육에 대한 연구 : 중국대학교 한국어학과 학생을 대상으로

TAN JINGXIN 세종대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

국문 초록 이 연구는 중국대학교 한국어학과 학생들이 효과적으로 담화표지 ‘뭐’와 ‘어디’를 학습할 수 있도록 설문조사를 통해서 교육 현황을 살펴보고 이에 맞추는 담화표지 교수 방안을 제시에 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 1장에서는 1 연구의 필요성과 목적을 기술하고 한국어 담화표지 ‘뭐’와 중국어 담화표지 ‘什么’에 관한 연구와 한국어 담화표지 ‘어디’와 중국어 담화표지 ‘哪里’에 관한 연구들을 검토하였다. 그리고 이 연구의 분석 대상과 연구 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 2장에서는 어휘론과 화용론 2가지 측면에서 한국어 담화표지 ‘뭐’, ‘어디’와 중국어 담화표지 ‘什么’, ‘哪里’를 대조하고 검토하였다. 그리고 한국어 담화표지 ‘뭐’, ‘어디’와 중국어 담화표지 ‘什么’, ‘哪里’의 공통점과 차이점을 정리하였다. 한국어 담화표지 ‘뭐’와 중국어 ‘什么’ 기능 비교를 통해서 한국어 담화표지 ‘뭐’의 이해 불가한 상황에 대한 의문 태도 표출 기능, 불확실성/비단정적 태도 표출 표시 기능, 평가절하의 태도 표출 기능, 무관심이나 비관여적 태도 표출 기능, 상대에 대한 도전적 태도 기능, 회의적 태도 표시 기능 등 6가지 기능은 중국어 담화표지 ‘什么’가 가지지 않다. 중국어 담화표지 ‘什么’의 멸시한 태도 표출 기능은 한국어 담화표지 ‘뭐’가 가지지 않다. 또한 한국어 담화표지 ‘어디’의 확인 욕구 표시 기능과 불신/의심의 태도 표출 기능은 중국어 담화표지 ‘哪里’가 가지지 않다. 3장에서는 2장에서 정리한 내용을 이용해서 설문지를 작성하고 결과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과를 보면 3가지 문제가 있다. 첫 번째는 번역할 때 담화표지를 회피하여 사전적 의미로 번역하거나 직접적으로 생략한 경우가 있다. 두 번째는 한·중 번역할 때 화자의 의도를 정확하게 파악하지 않는 경우가 있다. 모국어 간섭하기 때문에 한국어 문장을 번역할 때 화자의 의도를 전체적으로 잘못 이해하거나 불완전이나 과도 이해한 경우가 있다. 세 번째는 중·한 번역할 때 담화표지를 사용해야 한 의식이 있지만 화자의 의도를 한국어로 정확하게 표현하지 못한다. 4장에서는 3장에서 발견한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 중국대학교 한국어학과 3학년 학생을 대상으로 교수 방안을 개발하였다. TTT, PPP, III, ESA 이 4가지 교수 모형의 비교한 후에 ESA 교수 모형의 패치워크 유형은 이 연구의 교수 방안의 기준 모형으로 선정한다. ESA 교수 모형의 패치워크 유형을 적용하는 교수 절차는 ‘몰입-활성화-학습’ 이 3단계를 자유롭게 구성할 수 있기 때문에 수업 성역에 따라 다양한 창의적인 활동이 실행할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 맥락은 담화표지 교육 한 중요한 요소를 고려하는데 학습자가 쉽게 학습하기 위해서 담화표지에 대한 이해력 향상시킨 교수 방안을 개발할 때 주제의 일관성과 계속성을 유지하는 줄거리 제시형으로 전개한다. 또한 담화표지에 대한 표현력 향상시킨 교수 방안은 학습자가 학습 내용을 발표한 방식으로 전개한다. 마지막 5장에서는 이 연구의 내용을 결론으로 정리하며, 의의와 한계점도 제시하였다. 이 연구에는 결과물 분석을 통해 중국대학교 한국어학과의 담화표지 교육 현황을 알아보며, 중국대학교 한국어학과 학생의 문제점에 맞추는 교수 방안을 제시하였다는 점에 그 의의가 있다. This study aims to suggest an effective teaching method for the request speech act for the student who learn Korean in Chinese university. The current research work concerns the necessity of teaching Korean discourse markers to Korean language leaners. Special attention is placed on functions and usages of such discourse marker as 'what' and 'where'. Although there are some thing in common between Chinese discourse markers and Korean discourse markers, the meaning used is often different. Plans for teaching and learning of these discourse markers are necessary. For this purpose, the frist chapter discovers the purpose of this study and investigate the existing studies about the teaching methods of Korean discourse markers and Chinese discourse markers. The second chapter show the common and different between the Chinese discourse markers and the Korean discourse markers. According to the summary of the second chapter to design a questionnaire for the student who learn Korean language in Chinese university. And after one month, capture the data and analyze the results. The result show there are three questions in it. Frist is when the student make Korean translated into Chinese, they often leave the discourse makers out or just to translated the dictionary definition. Second is when the student make Korean translated into Chinese, they can not get what the speaker wanted to express precisely. Third is when the student make Chinese translated into Korean, they can not express by a complete sentence. To solve these problems, at the forth chapter found that ESA teaching procedure model is the most fitting teaching procedure model by comparing between TTT teaching procedure model, PPP teaching procedure model, III teaching procedure model and ESA teaching procedure model. ESA teaching procedure model is such adjustable because it can be changed depending on learners' language proficiency level, their needs and educational environment. Also it is more effective comparison by other teaching procedure models because it calls for the active participation of all class members to communicate. As a conclusion, the last chapter restates and summarizes briefly main point as well the strength and weakness of this study. It is significant for this study to suggest a new teaching plan based on ESA teaching procedure model for the student learn Korean in Chinese university. And it is expected that will be done more vigorously in future.

A Label-free Fiber Optical Biosensor using Surface Plasmon Resonance for Disease Diagnosis

TAN TAI NGUYEN Gachon University 2016 국내박사

In this dissertation, I present the label-free optical fiber sensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with non-golden bimetallic deposition (Ag-Al) for protein sensing. The SPR fiber sensor was made out of hard polymer clad multimode fiber with its cladding replaced by bimetallic layer comprising of silver (outer layer) and aluminum (inner layer) in nanometer thickness. The proposed system with the fiber sensor head requires non spectrograph, while maintaining high enough sensitivity for bio-sensing application. The minimum detectable refractive index (RI) of 5.8 ×10-6 was practically obtained with the wide operating range of 0.05 refractive index unit (RIU) utilizing a monochromatic wavelength operation. The high sensitivity and wide operating RI range of the detection, which are induced by the combination effects of SPR-produced birefringence and SPR-attenuated intensity change. I also demonstrated a regenerative label-free quantitative measurement of fibrinogen for clinical diagnosis in real-time manner. An optical biosensor head utilizing a hard polymer clad multimode optical fiber and the cladding was replaced by metallic layers of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni) in nanometer thickness. The Ni layer offers efficient immobilization and dissociation of Histidine tagged peptide which can capture immunoglobulin G (IgG) for selective recognition of fibrinogen. The detection limit presented was estimated around 10 pM that was sufficient for detection of proteins in clinical diagnosis such as myocardial infarction, Alzheimer’s disease, strokes or cardiovascular diseases. In addition, the sensor surface can be regenerated by rinsing process with imidazole and acetic acid. The regeneration of the sensor surface enhanced reusability of the sensors and allowed for using in place where human access is restricted. I presented the integrated device for real-time quantitative detection of PCR products. The integrated device presented consisted of the chip with microchannel designed for PCR and the label-free optical fiber sensor with bimetallic (Ag/Al) coating for SPR excitation. The target DNA of Salmonella spp. was amplified by PCR process performed at 95 oC (denaturation) and 60 oC (annealing/extension) for 30 minutes. The PCR products were measured with fluorophore-free SPR optical fiber sensor. The reusability of the device was also demonstrated by washing with distilled water and three different measurements performed for amplicon detection with the same integrated device. The label-free optical fiber sensor would easy be miniaturized and integrated into a lab-on-chip platform. This feature with sensor merits lead to offer potential applications for biosensor in extreme places such as underground, cosmic space or deserted lands in where human access is limited.